Mariam+El+Hussein's+Case+Study+Analysis

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=__Week 1 __= 3 Articles on the design and designer behind the iPod, Jonathan Ive. = = = =  **Article 1: Inside the Apple iPod Design Triumph ** Question: Describe the unusual business model used in the ipod's fabrication as developed by Apple. **  ** **Reference: http://www.designmuseum.org/design/jonathan-ive**  **Question: What distinguishes the work of the team of Jobs and Ive in relation to products designed by Apple? What new materials are enabling different design?**
 * Reference: http://www.designchain.com/testprint.asp?issue=summer02&template=coverstory
 * Contrary to my belief, and what be popular belief, Apple’s great creation of the iPod is not all “Apple” per say. The unusual business model used in the iPod’s fabrication as developed by Apple is that of a “Design Chain Approach ”. Simply, Apple knew how the iPod would look and sound like and in order to make this vision come to life, it adapted a layered design for the iPod. By getting the each part needed for the iPod from the company providing the best quality parts, Apple ensured the iPod was top-notch. For example, PortalPlayer ’s sound engineering strategies were used due to them being highest quality in the business. iPod’s would need to have a good battery, to last long hours of endless music individuals would want to enjoy, for the best power management and battery charging IC technologies, Apple collaborated with Linear Technologies . As for the memory chip, it was obtained from Sharp Eleconics Corp. And Wolfson Microelectronics Ltd. provided the stereo digital-to-analog converter. Apple used all these different technologies, layered them to prefect the iPod which was first introduced in October of 2001. Inevitably, Apple’s business model proves to be as unique as its products. <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">
 * <span style="color: rgb(251, 122, 19);">Ar ****<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; color: rgb(251, 122, 19);">ticle 2: Jonathan Ive at the Design Museum
 * What distinguishes the work of the team of Jobs and Ive in relation to products designed by Apple is what Jobs and Ive bring to the team. Jobs ensure the core values and foundations of Apple are applied in everything Apple makes and how their team works. The Apple team shares a passion for the products and work together in a harmonized manner in an environment that nourishes creativity and innovation. While Jobs keeps the team together, Ive’s intense interest in how things work (and how they are made) ensures the perfection of every small detail in any of the products produced by Apple.

>
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Ive’s interest in how things work and what they are made of allowed Apple to investigate new materials that enable different unique designs exclusive to Apple. An example is the use of polymer to “create composites to meet very specific functional goals and requirements”. <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;"> The use of <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Twin shooting materials (molding different materials together) allowed for the creation of completely sealed designs such as the iPod. One of the more recent and most intriguing methods are those of” joining metals with advanced adhesives and laser welding” that is also greatly contributing to new unique design by Apple.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; color: rgb(251, 122, 19);">**Article 3:** **Who Is Jonathan Ive?** <span style="color: rgb(251, 122, 19); font-family: Tahoma;"> **<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; color: rgb(251, 122, 19);"> <span style="color: rgb(251, 122, 19);">Question: Describe the importance of Apple's design team. Are other companies trying to compete with Apple by creating their own design teams? <span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; color: rgb(251, 122, 19);">  ** <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;"> Back to Top
 * Reference: [|http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/06_39/b4002414.htm]**
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Apple’s design team is crucial and key to Apple’s success. The essence of Apple’s success is due to the teams collaborative efforts. The members of the team not only share a passion for their work, but this limited team of professionals pledge their loyalty to Apple’s core values and live by them. The Apple’s design team not only works together as a team should but also individually to prefect Apple’s creations. The team, made of a small number of individuals does not limit themselves to designing at their offices as they “closely and intensely with engineers, marketers, and even outside manufacturing contractors in Asia who actually build the products.” <span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;"> Looking at a small team behind a huge success such as Apple’s, other companies strive to create their own design teams to mimic the focus of the Apple Team. But Apple is not bothered by such attempts but established that”  <span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">The fact that rivals are now talking about design is not proof they're catching up -- but of how far they have to go. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">”. As long as the Apple team is in focus, their products will excel in their targeted market.

=__<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; color: rgb(5, 3, 99);">Week 2 __= <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Case Studies on Ergonomics. =<span style="color: rgb(12, 7, 115); font-family: Tahoma;"> = =<span style="color: rgb(12, 7, 115); font-family: Tahoma;"> = <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;"> **<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; color: rgb(251, 122, 19);">Question: List three definitions of 'ergonomics'. ** <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 115%; font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; text-align: left; display: block;"> <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"> =<span style="color: rgb(12, 7, 115); font-family: Tahoma;"> = =<span style="color: rgb(12, 7, 115); font-family: Tahoma;"> = <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;"> **<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; color: rgb(251, 122, 19);">Question:<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; color: rgb(251, 122, 19);"> **<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; color: rgb(251, 122, 19);">**<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; color: rgb(251, 122, 19);"> Read each of the task analyses and case studies.** **Choose one of the case studies, and add an additional recommendation to one of them in step two as 'advice'** **<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; color: rgb(251, 122, 19);">. **
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; color: rgb(251, 122, 19);">Reference: [|http://www.ergonomics.org.au/ergonomics/case_studies.html#case6] **
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">**Physical Ergonomics:** This type of ergonomics focuses on the physical human anatomy and the physiological <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">and <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 115%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">biomechanical aspects relating to physical activity. Some examples of some of the topics this type of ergonomics deals with are: working postures, materials handling, repetitive movements, work-related musculoskeletal disorders, workplace layout, safety and health.
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; text-align: left; display: block;">**Cognitive Ergonomics:** This type of ergonomics focuses on mental processes(perception, memory, reasoning, motor responses) and the way these processes affect the interactions between humans and the technologies. Some examples of some of the topics this type of ergonomics deals with are: mental workload, decision-making, skilled performance, human-computer interaction, human reliability, work stress training.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">**<span style="line-height: 115%; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Organisational Ergonomics: **<span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">This type of ergonomics focuses on optimisation of sociotechnical systems such as their organisational structures, policies, and processes. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 115%; font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Some examples of some of the topics this type of ergonomics deals with are:  <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"> communication, crew resource management, work design, design of working times, teamwork, participatory design, community ergonomics, cooperative work, new work paradigms, organisational culture, virtual organisations, telework, and quality management.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; color: rgb(251, 122, 19);">Reference: [|http://www.ergonomics.org.au/ergonomics/case_studies.html#case6] **

__Case Study 7: Truck Operators__ <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;"> **<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; color: rgb(251, 122, 19);">Question:<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; color: rgb(251, 122, 19);"> **<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; color: rgb(251, 122, 19);"> <span style="color: rgb(251, 122, 19); font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">**Find an example of a product which is ergonomically sound, and add a link to an article about this product** **<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; color: rgb(251, 122, 19);">. **
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Additional advice would be to redesign the seat that these operators use. People are of different heights and sizes, one seat may not fit all. So by redesigning the seat to make it more adjustable to the individual and independent comfort of each operator would decrease the discomfort and thus the need to go forward to view the operating arm. Also, by making the seat adjustable according to height, the position of the joystick will differ slightly from person to person, with an adjustable seat, it’ll increase their comfort and hence decrease the wrist pain.
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Also, personally I think adding additional mirror might not be a good idea since it could be very distracting to the operator to have to use or focus on more than a couple of mirrors at a time. Possibly causing more problems than ones this suggestion would solve.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; color: rgb(251, 122, 19);">Reference: [|http://www.zdnet.com.au/reviews/hardware/laptops/soa/Logitech-Alto-Express/0,2000065761,339282730,00.htm] **


 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">And [|article] about [|Logitech Alto Express] which is a Laptop stand made to maximize your comfort and make using your laptop a pleasing and comfortable experience, just like using your desktop PC.

<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: center; display: block;">media type="youtube" key="7wKW62FnOaI" height="344" width="425" <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; text-align: center; display: block;">media type="youtube" key="Gh_m0sllPBo" height="344" width="425" <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;"> Back to Top
 * __<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;"> <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">A testimony from a user that describes why Logitech Alto Express Notebook Stand makes using your laptop a more comfortable experience.  __
 * __A review of the <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;"> Logitech Alto Express Stand which comes with a couple of extra neat features. __

<span style="color: rgb(5, 3, 99);"> =__<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; color: rgb(5, 3, 99);">Week 3 __= <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Design for the Other 90%.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; color: rgb(251, 122, 19);">Question: ****<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; color: rgb(251, 122, 19);">Choose a country on the web site's map, and read through the description of the products designed for that country. List five characteristics of socially responsible product design. **
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; color: rgb(251, 122, 19);">Reference: **http://other90.cooperhewitt.org/

**<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Characteristics of Socially Responsible Product Design: ** > > > > > <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;"> Back to Top
 * 1) **<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;"> Acess to Essentials: **<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;"> Design to improve acess to essential's of life, such as food and water, in an efficient way to maximize gain and minimize loss in places where these esstential's are scarce to start of with.
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">**Improvment of Health Care:** Design to improve health care in areas where it is not easily and readily available. In doing so the quality of living is improved and individuals can go on to continue their education, go to work, etc.
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">**Minimize Negative Effects from Technologies:** Design to minimize the negative effects of existing technologies, materials, deisgns. This can also be included under improving the health of individuals in minimizing their exposure to harmful byproducts of materials or technologies they use.
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">**Improvment of Education****:** Design to improve the quality of education in developing countries or in some cases, provide education where it is not possible. One Laptop per Child is the most outstanding example of such a design, it's a brilliant idea and a very useful one for all he children and parents alike.
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">**Economical Design****:** Design that is cost effective and economical. In developing countries, income is very limited so designign technologies to minimize as much as possible unnecessary expenses or more affordable useful technologies that are necessary for everyday life is crucial.
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">**Environmentaly Friendly**: Design that has the leats possible environmental effects. In developing countries, natural resources and the envionrment are a primary source of many essential's of life so it is very important to keep these resources available in large and healthy quantities.

=__<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; color: rgb(5, 3, 99);">Week 4 __= <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">"Story of Stuff". **<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; color: rgb(251, 122, 19);">Reference: ** http://www.storyofstuff.com/index.html
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; color: rgb(251, 122, 19);">Question: **<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; color: rgb(251, 122, 19);"> <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; color: rgb(251, 122, 19);">**Write three paragraphs on how Annie Leonard defines the system of the 'materials economy' and describe its interactions.** <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; color: rgb(251, 122, 19);"><span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; color: rgb(251, 122, 19);">

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">The system of the 'materials economy', as described by Annie Leonard, is thought to follow a linear system of five processes of extraction, production, distribution, consumption and disposal. Even though this system seems to be functioning just fine without any problems, Annie Leonard states that this system is in fact in crisis since it is a “linear system and we live on a finite planet and you can not run a linear system on a finite planet indefinitely”. In fact, this system is interacting with societies cultures, economies and the environment and encountering many limits along the way. She goes on to describe the way each one of the five processes interact and the limits each faces along the way.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">The first step in the system of the 'material's economy' is extraction. Extraction is the exploitation of natural resources. The limit here is that humans are using up too many resources too fast and forgetting that the earth's resources are not unlimited, but in fact very limited and finite. The second step is production. Production is the use of energy to mix toxic chemicals with the materials from the natural resources to make toxic contaminated products. She goes on to state how we keep putting toxins into the industrial production systems. These toxic contaminated products can cause serious health issues but we chose to continue contaminating our products. Not only are toxic contaminated materials affecting our health but also polluting our environment. The third step is distribution. Distribution is selling all the toxic contaminated materials as quickly as possible. Distribution is all about “externalizing the cost” which means the real cost of making stuff are not captured in the price which keeps the prices down, keep the people buying and keep the inventory moving. The true cost of production, loss of resources, pollution and affecting people's health caused in the production stage, and the unfair pay of sales persons in the distribution stage all goes unnoticed which causes the low pricing of products. The fourth step is consumption. Consumption is the most important stage, the “golden arrow”. Anne Leonard states how we have become a consumer based economy, where our prime identity is determined by how much of a valued consumer we become. Being a consumer has become a way of life for our modern society so much so that we find shopping to be the solution to most of our problems. Our society was not always like this, but after WWII we jumped on board this system which was put in place to boost the economy due to two effective strategies, planned obsolescence and perceived obsolescence. Planned obsolescence is the production of stuff to be useless as quickly as possible so we throw it out and buy new ones. Perceived obsolescence is a way to convince us to stop using our stuff even if it's still functional through social comparison by changing the way stuff looks frequently. The last stage of this processes is disposal. Disposal is dumping all of our junk into landfills. Incineration, the burning of the trash before dumping it in landfills. The processes of incineration is extremely dangerous since it releases toxins into our air polluting it. Recycling in this stage helps but it is not enough because more waste gets produced int he production stage. Also, many of the trash is not recyclable.

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 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Lastly, Anne Leonard discusses that many things are wasted along this system. Natural resources are exploited, people and their efforts are getting wasted. Changing climate and declining happiness are some byproducts of this system but there are people working on solving problems all along the way of this system. Once we all get united and understand and see what is going on in this 'materials economy' we can make useful changes, this system was created by people and it takes people to create a new, better system.

=__<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; color: rgb(5, 3, 99);">Week 5 __= <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Body Storming.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; color: rgb(251, 122, 19);">Question: **<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; color: rgb(251, 122, 19);"> <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; color: rgb(251, 122, 19);">**Research the definition of 'bodystorming', and write a paragraph describing its characteristics.** **And after viewing the video, describe the information revealed to the researchers in the three different case studies for one paragraph each. You should have a total of four paragraphs for this tutorial.**
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; color: rgb(251, 122, 19);">Reference: ** http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nyE5bDqaSwc<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;"> / http://proboscis.org.uk/bodystorming/

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Bodystorming is “the transformation of abstract ideas and concepts into physical experiences. An example would be acting out ideas, techniques, interfaces and designs which helps the designer to understand the relationships occurring through social and cultural interactions between people by making ideas visible through objects and situations. Some of bodystorming's characteristics is it's tactile nature. It brings certain ideas to a physical nature. Instead of brainstorming solutions for a situation, one would physically put themselves or a subject through that situation, research the problems and limitations faced by an individual put in such a situation and then brainstorm solutions for these problems.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">**Disability #1:** Visual Impairment – Blindness
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">The subject undergoing the simulation of a visually impaired individual experienced disorientation and a heightened use of her other senses to orient herself and relied heavily on them to make her decisions. For example, after crossing the street, using a cane, she visually mapped the location of the stairs to cope with the disability. This bodystorming experience gave insight on the use of multi-sensory approaches, like sound and touch, to help individuals who are visually impaired.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">**Disability #2:** Cognitive – Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD)
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">The subject undergoing the simulation of an individual with ADD had to recite a telephone number while solving math problems. This caused the subject to feel constant frustration due to the difficulty in performing tasks and negatively affected his self-esteem. This bodystorming experience gave insight on the use of clear narration to assist the subject and providing fun, yet challenging tasks to improve attention.

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 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">**Disability #3:** Motor- Chronic Arthritis
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">The subject undergoing the simulation of an individual with chronic arthritis had his arms and wrists locked (by taping sticks on fingers and arms to impair movement of joins) and a glove was then placed on his hands. This made it difficult for the subject to perform simple tasks Even under very undemanding conditions, such as passing a bowl or a plate over to someone else. The subject felt a constant fear of injury while feeling apprehensive in the least demanding situations. Due to the difficulty using his arms, the subject spent more energy than an individual without chronic arthritis would, causing his body temperature to rise and thus increasing his fears and anxiety. This bodystorming experience gave insight to the use of accessible routes (passing space), and the use of safe materials to create tangible objects in an effort to decrease the fear of participation in chronic arthritis patients. Also, speech recognition technology should be further researched to ease the everyday activities of chronic arthritis patients.

=__<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; color: rgb(5, 3, 99);">Week 6 __= <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Three Phases of Adoption Technology. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; color: rgb(251, 122, 19);">Question: **<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; color: rgb(251, 122, 19);"> **<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; color: rgb(251, 122, 19);">In the interview with David Liddle, he defines three stages for the adoption of a new technology.  **<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; color: rgb(251, 122, 19); font-size: 60%;">** What are his definitions for these three stages of adoption, and how did he apply them to his case study of a camera? Write one clear paragraph for each of his definitions, listing their attributes in relation to the development of the camera. Can you think of another consumer product which has undergone similar developments? Name it. **
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; color: rgb(251, 122, 19);">Reference: ** http://www.designinginteractions.com/interviews/DavidLiddle
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">** David Liddle defines three stages for the adoption of a new technology to be 1) Enthusiast stage, 2) Professional stage and 3) Consumer stage. **


 * 1) <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;"> The first stage is the **enthusiast stage**. During this stage he technology is first exploited. Technology lovers are attracted to the aesthetics of the technology when it's first introduced, they love figuring out how the technology works and enjoy the challenges it comes with. In context of the case study of a camera, enthusiasts were astronauts during the 50's who first used the camera to take pictures of planets and their surrounding environments. When the camera first came out, it was extremely difficult to operate, as Liddle pointed out that one needed a “PhD to work one”. Yet the astronauts used the camera regardless since it was a breakthrough new technology during their space missions.
 * 2) <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;"> The second stage is the **professional stage**. During this stage the technology is developed far enough to help people work. Professional take over this stage, where the technology is seen as one for the elite, or individuals that can afford it. In the context of the case study of a camera, professionals here were ones that adopted to using cameras and individuals who could not afford it or did not have the skills to operate a camera would seek professionals to get their pictures taken. In this stage more and more people started becoming familiar with the camera as it's functions became universal.
 * 3) <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">The third stage is the **consumer stage**. **<span style="font-weight: normal; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;"> During this stage the technology is developed far enough for people to enjoy at an accessible price. The technology becomes easy to use and navigate at an affordable prices that everyone, no matter what status, can enjoy. In the context of the case study on the camera, the camera;s priorities changed and it's controls became fully automated. For example, the camera is capable of reading film speed, light conditions and setting the correct exposure automatically without the user's involvement. The change in the ease of use and affordability invites everyone to become involved, hence increasing the consumers of such technology. **


 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">** An example of a consumer product that has undergone similar developments is the computer. Early one, computer were just used to solve mathematical problems in the enthusiast stage. Then computers were developed to be less complex, more user friendly, as a desktop where individuals can organize their folders and documents just as they would on their office. Due to the easier use of computers, in the professional stage, business started adapting to using computers in offices. Finally, computer developed to thinner more compact system, such as laptops, that are extremely user friendly that every individual now has access or owns a computer. Computer in the consumer stage became used on a day-to-day basis due to their efficiency, ease of use and affordability. **

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=__<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; color: rgb(5, 3, 99);">Week 7 __= Interaction Architecture and Designing a Questionnaire.<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(247, 59, 165);"> <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; color: rgb(251, 122, 19);">Question: **<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; color: rgb(251, 122, 19);"> <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; color: rgb(251, 122, 19);">**Write a description of interaction architecture as defined by Mat Hunter** <span style="color: rgb(251, 122, 19); font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">**and Rikako Sakai** **in relation to their work with Kodak in 1995.** <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; color: rgb(251, 122, 19);">**How does the author define 'leading questions' and 'hypothetical questions'? Write a paragraph each to define these terms.**
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; color: rgb(251, 122, 19);">Reference: ** http://www.designinginteractions.com/interviews/MatHunter<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;"> / [|http://www.designinginteractions.com/interviews/RikakoSaka] / http://www.cc.gatech.edu/classes/cs6751_97_winter/Topics/quest-design/

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 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Matt Hunter discusses the work with Kodak in 1995 in relation to an 'information architecture'. Hunter used information architecture, a way of enhancing technology by predicting future use in a sense to improve the Kodak Camera in 1995. The first step was to visually map out what the functions of the camera would be and how the commands interact with one another. It was evident that people not only wanted to capture pictures, but also have the ability to delete them, share them and upload them to different technologies as a way to store them. Photography was seen as not only a way of self expression, but a social conundrum. This was done by creating a 'use experience prototype' which was a physical representation of the proposed improved design of the camera, in which the user had the ability to capture images, delete, share and transfer them to various technologies. After testing the prototype, the idea was adopted and the new generations of Kodak cameras were launched.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Rikako Sakai developed the neat function of 'photo-stitching' in the Kodak digital camera. This function enables the user to put together multiple pictures into one big image. For example, one can take a picture of a series of houses and stitch them together into a strip of a continuos picture, making it look like it was taken as on picture. The main challenge in the processes of developing this function was that it was not very user friendly. The reason is the user was not able to see the picture previous to the one they were taking at the moment so that they could match both images to 'stitch' them later. Sakai observed how people put pictures together to form a big picture and studied those ways to develop the final program. She used an animation to illustrate the processes which then lead to the development of photo-stitching.


 * A leading question is "one that forces or implies a certain type of answer". An Example of a leading question is: "Don't you think product X is excellent?" This question implies an answer that the person asking the question wants to hear. In asking a question like this, one would be eliminating the person taking the survey's opinion and implying a "wanted" answer. This would skew the results in that the results would be false and forced.

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 * A hypothetical question is "based, at best, on conjecture and, at worst, on fantasy." An example would be, "How many cans of soup can you lift in one bag?" These questions invite people to use their imagination to come up with answer. The reason for these type of questions being invalid and useless to the results of a questionnaire is because the answers people will give are not reflections of their opinions since they had to imagine a situation in the first place. People talking the survey never went through the hypothetical situation making it hard to relate to and thus deeming the results invalid.

=**__<span style="font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; color: rgb(5, 3, 99);">Week 8 __**= Human-Centered Design Case Study of Cellphones in Developing Countries.<span style="font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(247, 59, 165);"> <span style="font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; color: rgb(251, 122, 19);"> <span style="font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; color: rgb(251, 122, 19);">**Question:** **In three paragraphs, describe the role of Jan Chipchase in defining the role of cellphones in the developing world for Nokia, and the benefits of analyzing and defining cellphone use and design in different cultures as part of their market expansion.** <span style="font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; color: rgb(251, 122, 19);">**Reference: http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/13/magazine/13anthropology-t.html?_r=1&emc=eta1&pagewanted=all** <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
 * Researcher Jan Chipchase explains this phenomenon as a “perspective design”; a unique ability to mix cultural perspectives with newly developed designs. Chipchase’s primary goal is to look at the lives of various individuals from various cultures, and learn as much as he possibly can from their daily routines. This information is then processed and sent back to NOKIA, his representing company, as a way of promoting a more universal design of cell phones in a World Wide Region. Chipchase does this with a simple “click” from a camera. When taking pictures, he looks at a more connotative perspective of how individuals communicate in different social environments.
 * The main idea promoted here is the ability to control information through a human centered-design. Today such stances are important in the development of more competition, as well as the development of the higher stability of a company. The idea here is to send a single representative of a company to listen and learn about the ways and daily routines of a specific culture or environment. The point here is getting to learn more about your potential customers, thus being able to communicate a device that is easy to publish and cell at a universal scale.

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 * The benefits of such a move is to constantly accumulate cultural information, as well as learn more about global potential customers, as well as local ones. Being able to use such information is important in allowing every user a new choice of technology as well as functionality ratio. One example that can be accumulated here is today’s IPHONE phenomenon. Many countries in the world, including various Third World Countries have taken such a system, and promoted it into the culture class that live there. The point here can be seen in Chipchase’s idea of “connecting the unconnected”. This aspect can also be seen with many Mongolian monks, where Chipchase explains the advanced technical and design aspects of their phones. He basically shows that even at the edges of the world, where culture and religion play a higher role in society, technology is always around to influence the daily lives of the individual using it.

=__<span style="font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; color: rgb(5, 3, 99);">Week 9 __= <span style="font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Design as a Collaborative Process. **<span style="font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; color: rgb(251, 122, 19);">Reference:[| http://vimeo.com/2814939]
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; color: rgb(251, 122, 19);">Question: **<span style="color: rgb(251, 122, 19);">**The founder of IDEO, at PICNIC08: Design as a Collaborative Process.** <span style="font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="color: rgb(251, 122, 19);">**Describe how he defines 'design as a collaborative process', and cite two examples of how creators involve the people they want to create for in their work, according to Bill Moggridge's lecture. Find an online example of a product which utilizes his principles of collaborative design, add its URL, and describe its design in three sentences.**

** //<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif;">"Design as a Collaborative Process" // <span style="font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> //Example One////: Unique People = Unique Standards//
 * According to Bill Moggridge, our old practices of design have changed due to the new business practices that have been introduced. The ability for teams to work and collaborate together has now become a focal stance on how user connectivity and reliability has been established. It also focuses on combining new practices to create the “ultimate technology” that can be accepted and used by different users, with each various demographics; backgrounds; cultures; beliefs; views; and experiences.
 * One example posted by Moggridge, is the uniqueness of culture and how technology must feature a more international functionality.


 * Moggridge then plays a clip on a new Chinese Immigrant using a newly created Intel Technology that’s main ability is to ease the daily activity of the individual. The idea here is to promote the integration of navigational interaction, with primal accessibility, in order to promote a device that can be used by different ethnic users. The technology in the example allows the user to communicate in a more familiar dialect, Chinese in this Example, while performing a set of tasks at the same time.


 * In order to create such a technology, Moggridge instates the importance of collaborative technology; using various resources and individuals in order to create a more universal system. In order to reach such a goal, it is important to forward a team of diverse individuals in order to pass around more various ideas and propositions. The purpose of this is to try to meet the demands of various individuals with different demographic, racial, religious and unique backgrounds.

//Example Two: The New Method of Participation//
 * Allowing your users to participate in the collaboration of a different design is another method of collaborative innovation as associated by Moggridge.


 * In his second example, Moggridge plays a clip of the American Red Cross Donar Program. It focuses on the aspect of why people give/donate their blood and specific organs. The point of the project here is to get people to write about their past experiences and sharing their personal views on the matter. Thus such a activity will allow the Red Cross Associate to use such participations, as a method to address other various individuals who may relate to the topic being promoted


 * The basic idea here is to involve the user in a very unique way. It follows a more personal and social context by focusing on how individual’s experiences can help others relate to such matters. In this sense, collaborative design allows you to call on more users and more culture, as well as promote a new method of togetherness.

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 * Another example that I found really relates to Collaborative Discussion can be seen with non-profit organization R.I.C Center, in Mississauga. The basis of this company is structured under it’s unique ability to create a diverse environment of individuals who each have a specific idea/aspect that they want to publish. The companies focal point is to help fund such individuals to not only gain a brief perspective of the matter, but to also create a network of groups of individuals that differ from many different participants and clients.
 * For more information on the group, please visit: []

=<span style="font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; color: rgb(5, 3, 99);"> = =**__<span style="font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; color: rgb(5, 3, 99);">Week 10 __**= <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif;">Biomimicry: Janine Benyus and the Biomimicry Institute and Guild. [] /[]
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; color: rgb(251, 122, 19);">Question: **<span style="color: rgb(251, 122, 19); font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif;">**Look over examples of her biomimetic principles applied to products in the slideshow and write a short, one paragraph synopsis for each of your three favourite product designs.**
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; color: rgb(251, 122, 19);">Reference: **[] /

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 * Skeleton Key **
 * The Skeleton Key follows a set of design mimesis, that artist Joris Laarman uses to create a unique line of furniture in a matrix of architectural support. This basically means shows the use and reuse of various sources (in this case bones) as a method of redesigning already created technology, with limited products. The reason why I really liked this image is because of the really smart way of re-creating an existing every day used product with materials that seem pretty useless in the eyes of many individuals. Laarman uses the idea of nature as a guide as a powerful tool of recycling and reuse of primary resources.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 60%; font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif;">S crubbing Bubbles   **
 * One of my favorite references was the one that explained the Low-Energy Carbon Sequestration. She basically uses nature here as a primal aspect of design, stressing on its unique ability to guide the viewer. The use of biomimicry here is used as a very elegant innovation, stressing on how Carbon Dioxide might be great for the plants, but much more dangerous for us humans. The use of design here is made to put the user in deep thought, as well as promote the innovation of more safer and secure technology, that can be both useful for all organisms, in various environments.

**<span style="font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif;"> Stanch the Bleeding **<span style="font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif;"> Back to Top
 * This image also follows the importance biomimicry in the aspect of nature and environment. The reason why I really feel connected to such an idea is because of the fact of using biomimcry as a powerful design tool to promote the importance of a specific idea. Here the construction of the pipeline follows the focal stance of “Platelet Technology”. This new system, founded by the Brinker Technology Inc, in Scotland, focuses on the technique and architecture of the abstraction of bacteria in pipes (Ex: Oil Pipes). In this sense, designing in nature is used as a guide to help promote a new focal method on the promotion of the conservation of the environment.

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