Nalini+Persaud


 * Week #1 **
 * Question: Describe the unusual business model used in the iPod’s fabrication as developed by Apple.**

Apple has adopted a unique business model in its fabrication of the IPod, this company currently imports a "...platform and design created by a third party, Portal Player...” (Design Chain). Apple's decision to work with Portal Player was influenced by the company's ability to produce the highest quality of sound within its market. It was only after the two became partners, Portal Player was then left to assemble an exclusive team to aid in designing the IPod’s internal structure. Such companies were, Portal Player, which contributed a MP3 decoder and a controller chip, Sharp Electronics Corp., provided a flash memory chip, while Texas Instruments added its firewall interface controller.


 * Question: What distinguishes the work of the team of Jobs and Ive in relation to products designed by Apple?**

What new materials are enabling different design? Both Ives and Jobs have vastly contributed to the success of the Apple Company. On one hand, Steve Jobs focuses on the internal components and structure of the overall Apple product, by trying to incorporate other companies’ devices to improve their final commodity. While on the other, Ives tries to use his expertise to design a stylish and exclusive product. Both Ives and Jobs tries to produce a simple, yet innovative good. Additionally, an advance in designing material has made it possible to create new models of Apple products that were once impossible to do. Similarly, by combining metal with plastic they have now taken a new approach to sealing each device made.


 * Question: Describe the importance of Apple's design team. Are other companies trying to compete with Apple by creating their own design teams?**

Apple's design team consists of about a dozen people who function together and individually at an intensely high level. Each team member reflects qualities that resemble their final apple product - fashionable and exclusive. The team consists of a diverse cultural group, which includes the British Ives, New Zealander Danny Coster, Italian Daniele De Iuliis and German Rico Zorkendorfer. Apple's design team also works closely with engineer, manufactures and marketers both locally and internationally. The team also, is given much direction and inspiration from their superior Steve Jobs. Apple's unique team approach has also inspired other companies such as Dell, Hewlett-Packard and Microsoft. Who all hope that as long as Apple's primary focus is on their few products that they can take advantage of other markets such as games, etc. However, it is apparent that these companies "...have neither the focus, the skills, nor the appetite for risk to build mass-produced products" (Who's Jonathon Ive). Additionally, it is also clear that while these companies are now addressing issues of design that they have a longer way to go in playing catch-up with Apple.   .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Week #2
 > Focuses on human anatomical, anthropometric, physiological and biomechanical characteristics as they correlate with physical activity. > Some related topics are work place layout, repetitive movements and materials handling.* > Focuses on mental processing such as perception, memory, reasoning, and motor responses as these can influence interactions among humans > and other elements of a system. Some related topics include mental workload, decision making and human reliability.* > Focuses on the optimisation of socio-technical systems, including their organisational structures, policies, and process. Such related topics include: > telework, teamwork, work design and community ergonomics.*   > [|**http://www.ikea.com/ca/en/catalog/products/90163889**]  [|**http://www.ergonomics.org.au/ergonomics/definitions.html**]
 * List the three definitions of 'Ergonomics': **
 * Physical Ergonomics:
 * Cognitive Ergonomics:
 * Organisational Ergonomics:
 * Wet Mopping Advice ****: **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Instead of using wet mops the cleaning staff can use wet dry mops such as the Swiffer Mop or perhaps newer and environmental friendly mops such as the H2O Mop, which uses steam to clean and is easier to manoeuvre.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">By allowing the cleaning staff to use back braces, this limits the amount of discomfort they experience while mopping in case for prolong periods of time. Back braces; restrict the motion and aids in supporting the spine, especially in cases where they may be required to lift an extremely heavy bucket of water. Some back brace also help in reducing the curvature in the spine.
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Example of a product: **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Height Adjustable Chair-
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Citation*: **<span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">

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= Week 3: Designing for the Other 90% <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">  = <span style="color: blue; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msofareastlanguage: EN-CA; msoansilanguage: EN-CA;"> =<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Five characteristics of socially responsible product design are to    = > > <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">**Additional:** <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">
 * <span style="color: blue; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msofareastlanguage: EN-CA; msoansilanguage: EN-CA;">[|AMD Personal Internet Communicator] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">
 * <span style="color: blue; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msofareastlanguage: EN-CA; msoansilanguage: EN-CA;">[|Bamboo Treadle Pump] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">
 * <span style="color: blue; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msofareastlanguage: EN-CA; msoansilanguage: EN-CA;">[|Big Boda load-carrying bicycle] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">
 * <span style="color: blue; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msofareastlanguage: EN-CA; msoansilanguage: EN-CA;">[|Ceramic Water Filter] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">
 * <span style="color: blue; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msofareastlanguage: EN-CA; msoansilanguage: EN-CA;">[|Domed Pit Latrine Slab kit] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">
 * <span style="color: blue; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msofareastlanguage: EN-CA; msoansilanguage: EN-CA;">[|Drip Irrigation System] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">
 * <span style="color: blue; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msofareastlanguage: EN-CA; msoansilanguage: EN-CA;">[|Internet Village Motoman Network] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">
 * <span style="color: blue; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msofareastlanguage: EN-CA; msoansilanguage: EN-CA;">[|Jaipur foot and below-knee prosthesis] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">
 * <span style="color: blue; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msofareastlanguage: EN-CA; msoansilanguage: EN-CA;">[|Kenya Ceramic Jiko] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">
 * <span style="color: blue; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msofareastlanguage: EN-CA; msoansilanguage: EN-CA;">[|Kinkajou Microfilm Projector and Portable Library] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">
 * <span style="color: blue; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msofareastlanguage: EN-CA; msoansilanguage: EN-CA;">[|LifeStraw] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">
 * <span style="color: blue; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msofareastlanguage: EN-CA; msoansilanguage: EN-CA;">[|One Laptop per Child] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">
 * <span style="color: blue; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msofareastlanguage: EN-CA; msoansilanguage: EN-CA;">[|MoneyMaker Block Press] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">
 * <span style="color: blue; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msofareastlanguage: EN-CA; msoansilanguage: EN-CA;">[|MoneyMaker Hip Pump] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">
 * <span style="color: blue; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msofareastlanguage: EN-CA; msoansilanguage: EN-CA;">[|Pot-in-Pot cooler] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">
 * <span style="color: blue; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msofareastlanguage: EN-CA; msoansilanguage: EN-CA;">[|PermaNet] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">
 * <span style="color: blue; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msofareastlanguage: EN-CA; msoansilanguage: EN-CA;">[|Q Drum] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">
 * <span style="color: blue; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msofareastlanguage: EN-CA; msoansilanguage: EN-CA;">[|Solar Home Lighting System] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">
 * <span style="color: blue; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msofareastlanguage: EN-CA; msoansilanguage: EN-CA;">[|Solar Aid] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">
 * <span style="color: blue; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msofareastlanguage: EN-CA; msoansilanguage: EN-CA;">[|StarSight] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">
 * <span style="color: blue; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msofareastlanguage: EN-CA; msoansilanguage: EN-CA;">[|Sugarcane charcoal] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">
 * <span style="color: blue; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msofareastlanguage: EN-CA; msoansilanguage: EN-CA;">[|Super MoneyMaker Pump] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">
 * <span style="color: blue; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msofareastlanguage: EN-CA; msoansilanguage: EN-CA;">[|Water Storage System] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">
 * <span style="color: blue; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msofareastlanguage: EN-CA; msoansilanguage: EN-CA;">[|WorldBike prototype]
 * 1) Increase in global awareness <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">
 * 2) Minimizing any harmful environmental impact <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">
 * 3)  Improve the quality of healthcare <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">
 * 4)  Improve the quality and access to water and food <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">
 * 5)  To improve the quality and accessibility of education
 * 1) **To increase the net income earned**
 * 2) **To improve current living standards and improve security (e.g. lighting and internet access)**

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Week #4:
<span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The ‘materials economy’, consists of a “linear system of extraction, production, distribution, consumption and disposal upon a finite planet”. This system reveals that our increased consumption has devastating consequences for our environment (especially in third world nations), human resources and health (especially to new born babies). Annie Leonard claims that this consumer frenzy was first introduced after World War II by Victor Lebeau, a retail analyst who was determined to find a solution “to boost the economy”. His conclusion to this problem was to increase overall consumption, “We need things consumed burned up, replaced and discarded at an ever-accelerating rate”. To secure this model two major strategies had to be enforced, planned obsolescence and perceived obsolesced.
 * <span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Write three paragraphs on how Annie Leonard defines the system of the 'materials economy' and describe its interactions. **<span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">

Planned obsolescence, are devices which are “designed for the dump”, they are designed to be ultimately useless after a couple of months. Such as computers, mops, DVDs, cameras and BBQs. This reinforces a continuous cycle of buying goods, as designers outline how fast can they make stuff break while also leaving their consumers still faithful within the product. Perceived obsolescence, on the other hand is where, the media and many fat-cat corporations, convinces us to throw away stuff that is still perfectly useful. They do by changing the overall look of the product. Additionally by continuously contributing the ‘golden arrow of consumption’ we thus demonstrate our value, within our society. This system interacts with the real world, its societies, its people, its cultures and its environment. We first destroy our environment by chopping down all the trees, thus destroying all wildlife’s homes and by blowing up the mountains we extract its metals.

Similarly, in the production process we mix natural products with harmful toxins to produce toxic contaminated products. We can also see how this system interacts with people by analyzing the system’s distribution component. By externalizing the cost of goods, real costs are not reflected in the final price of the product. Through-out this system many people have interacted with this model to lower the final cost. For example, children in the Congo pay with their futures as they are expected to work in these factories instead of gaining an education for themselves. Employees in first world countries, also pay a fair tax as they are given little or no health benefits. In the past 30 years we have used up 1/3 of the world’s resources. The materials economy is therefore a system “in crisis cause it is a linear system working with finite resources”.

................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Research the definition of 'bodystorming', and write a paragraph describing its characteristics. After viewing the video 'Part 1: Bodystorming Experiencing a Disability' at <span style="font-size: 11pt; color: blue; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[] **<span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">describe the information revealed to the researchers in the three different case studies for one paragraph each .** <span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> This experience involves researching concepts, ideas and issues in a designed real life setting. This analysis usually lasts for 3 hours, where then the participants would then use props to interact with each other and explore the issues and solutions to deal with the particular situation. Bodystorming goes beyond brainstorming as ideas are not only thought out rationally but they are also acted out depending on the situation. Essentially, this system was developed to display how “modes of exchange between people, places and things affect ideas in ways that scenario design and written descriptions cannot.” <span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> <span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Segoe UI'; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> The test participant for the bodystorming of a visual impairment – blindness, felt both disoriented and dependent. Additionally, throughout the task the subject experienced an increase use of her other senses, as she depended on them to make helpful and informative decisions. In this experiment, for the participant to manage with this "disability” she carefully counted the number of steps as to map the location of the stairs after crossing the street. She adopted this skill when she came across such structures (e.g.: stairs) as to determine her next step.
 * <span style="font-size: 16pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Week #5 //<span style="font-size: 16pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">: ’ ////<span style="font-size: 16pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">Bodystorming’ //**<span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">
 * <span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">As part of 'Experience Prototyping', bodystorming has been developed as a method of enquiry for interactive design.

The test participant for the bodystorming of cognitive – attention deficit disorder (ADD), experienced great difficulty in correctly remembering a telephone number while also solving math problems. The subject also endured much frustration as the task negatively impacted his self esteem. From this experiment, the team realized that by using clear narration to assist the user and by presenting enjoyable yet challenging activities, that this could improve the subject’s condition.

The test participant for the bodystorming of motor – chronic arthritis reported a continual fear of injury, which made him very anxious especially in undemanding situations. To simulate this type of situation, the subject’s hands and wrists were taped with pens and then covered with gloves. Additionally, in this situation as the participant release more energy his body temperature increased, which in turn added to his anxiety. Among the conclusions reached from this experiment, they discovered that to enable and enhance interaction, speech recognition systems should be researched further. Similarly, to ease the subject’s level of fear, objects such as knifes, etc should be made of safe materials.

[] .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. <span style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">**__Week 6:__** <span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <span style="font-size: 11pt; color: #e36c0a; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; msofareastfontfamily: Calibri; msofareastlanguage: EN-US; msoansilanguage: EN-CA; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msothemecolor: accent6; msothemeshade: 191; msobidilanguage: AR-SA; msofareastthemefont: minor-latin;">Three Phrases for the Adoption of a Technology <span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">In the interview with David Liddle at <span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[] <span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">, he defines three stages for the adaption of new technology. <span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">David Liddle describes the adoption of a new technology as three stages: <span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">· <span style="font-size: 7pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> <span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> The enthusiast stage: To enthusiast users, those who actually love and appreciate the technology in an aesthetic way also enjoy exploiting it; they also consider trying to figure out how the technology works and any difficulties that go along with exploring the products as entertaining. In the example given, the 35mm cameras were used by the astronauts in the 50’s to take pictures of planets in spaces and other related astronomical features. Additionally, David Liddle also underlines that these cameras nearly required a PhD in optics to operate them. Once enough enthusiasts have used this product technology, soon enough one of them will indicate that maybe they could use the item in their own line of work and also may think of an innovative idea to make this difficult product into something practical, which introduces us to the second phase.
 * Citation*:**
 * <span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">What are his definitions for these three stages of adoption and how did he apply them to his case of a camera? Write one clear paragraph for each of his definitions, listing their attributions in relation to the development of the camera. Can you think of another consumer product which has undergone similar developments? Name it! **<span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">

Enthusiasts want that product to say “Exploit me! Look at my capabilities!”

· <span style="font-size: 7pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> <span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> The professional: In the case of the 35mm camera it went from being used for “very expensive exotica” to being used by professional photographers. The controls of the camera were fixed even though the controls could have been set manually. Building onto the third point, when the product has created large volumes through this business phase, the price of the product reaches a point in which consumers can afford to purchase it.

The business user wants the product to say, “Look at the productivity I can give you! Here’s how I’ll change your activities!”

<span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">· <span style="font-size: 7pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> <span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Consumer phase: In this stage the function of the product has dramatically changed, and as the camera’s controls now change from manual to automatic. So now, the camera operates with its own “brain” as it can set the exposure and other related functions. The consumer user says, “Look how I fit in with your style! Here’s who you are if you use me and enjoy my capabilities!"

Another similar product that has undergone such similar transformations is the computer. **<span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">*Citation: **<span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Liddle, David. Designing Interactions, 2009. <span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> []

................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. <span style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">**__Week 7:__** <span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <span style="font-size: 11pt; color: #984806; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; msofareastfontfamily: Calibri; msofareastlanguage: EN-US; msoansilanguage: EN-CA; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msothemecolor: accent6; msothemeshade: 128; msobidilanguage: AR-SA; msofareastthemefont: minor-latin;">Interaction Architecture and Designing a Questionnaire <span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> [] <span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> [] <span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">
 * <span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Write a description of interaction architecture as defined by Mat Hunter at: **<span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">
 * <span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">and Rikako Sakai at: **<span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">
 * <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">In relation to their work with Kodak in 1995. **

Mat Hunter describes ‘interaction architecture’ as an extensible series of rules that would allow not just one camera to be designed but perhaps a whole series of cameras. The creators, initial intention was to build something that could be easily and clearly communicated, something that would be more experiential for the user, something that they later coined as ‘a user experience prototype’. Thus, Kodak created a user interface on the camera that would allow the user to take a picture, and delete it and even send it across the room. <span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">According to Rikako Sakai ‘interaction architecture’ involved redesigning the screen behaviours for Photo Stitch. Similarly she integrated animations to reinforce textual instructions, making the steps for Photo Stitch simple for all users, especially new users. She claims that she developed this idea from observing the way people how they manage to do something, etc. <span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">[] []
 * <span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">*Citation: **<span style="font-size: 11pt; color: #984806; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 128;"> <span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">

<span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">The author defines ‘leading questions’ as a question which “forces or implies a certain type of answer.” This mistake is easily made, through the selection of the answer, rather than the question asked. Additionally, the author reinforces that a closed format question should provide both, answers that cover a range of choices and equally distributed throughout the range. Thus, “all answers should be equally likely.”
 * In addition, as you will be creating a questionnaire for your major assignment, read the article at** <span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[] <span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> **to help you formulate the question. <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">How does the author define ‘leading questions’ and ‘hypothetical questions’? Write a paragraph each to define these terms? **

The author defines ‘hypothetical questions’ as being “based, at best, on conjecture and, at worst, on fantasy.” The question forces the respondent to think about a certain situation that he or she may have never envisioned. This question does not provide the inquisitor with clear and consistent data as person may not be given much time to respond to this type of question. <span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> [] <span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. <span style="font-size: 13pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">**Week #8** <span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> <span style="font-size: 11pt; color: blue; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">[] <span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> very carefully.
 * <span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">*Citation: **<span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">
 * <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Read the online article 'Can the Cellphone end Global Poverty? **' at

of analyzing cell phone use and design in different cultures as part of their market expansion. ** <span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Jan Chipchase is a human behaviour researcher for Nokia whose job entails analyzing and documenting the lives of others. While also, accumulating information through human interactions by real life snap shots and pictures. This detailed information is then sent back to the squads of designers, technologists and marketing teams at, Nokia. The company’s aim is to include those of developing countries into the realm of Nokia’s communication technological pieces. In these countries, it is important that the company manufactures practical and affordable pieces that can be applied to lives of these people in these countries. Mobile phones enable people to have access and transfer data to anyone anywhere in the world, making the communication process much easier and efficient.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">In three paragraphs, describe the role of Jan Chipchase in defining the role of cell phones in the developing world for Nokia, and the benefits

Cellular phones also create access to potential, profitable markets that can generate income for many businesses. In some communities, cellular phone owners lend their phone to others who then pay a fee to use the phone. For instance, mobile phones enable fishermen to call around to prospective buyers, to find a better price for their catch, this asset has accounted for an 8% increase in profits! Over several years, his research team has spoken to rickshaw drivers, prostitutes, shoppers, day labourers and farmers, and all of them say more less the same thing: their income gets a big boost when they have access to a cell phone. Cell phones can also be used to negotiate long ranged trade, check medical availability, among many other uses.

Nokia’s attempt to expand their global market, by researching potential markets, cultural backgrounds, environment and people has proven to generate market growth. This influx of new information will help Nokia to create affordable models of cellular phones. <span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. **View the video of**. ** The founder of IDEO, at PICNIC08: Design as a Collaborative Process at ** [|http://vimeo.com/2814939] <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">
 * Week #9: **
 * Describe how Bill Moggridge defines 'design as a collaborative process', cite two examples of how creators involve the people they want to create for in their work (according to Bill Moggridge's lecture). Find an online example of a product which utilizies Bill Moggridge principles of collaborative design & add its URL. Describe its design in three sentences. **

Bill Moggridge defines “design as a collaborative process” that consists of a team of people. The design team of people is made up of people from a variety of backgrounds. The backgrounds are different by means of the actual cultural background of each member as well as, the experiences and ideas that are brought forth. To allow this collaborative process the team has an open setting allowing members to voice their ideas and concerns, while also allowing improvements in the brainstorming process, making this process more efficient and comfortable

__Ear/Throat Surgery Equipment__ <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> In this example Bill Moggridge attempts to explain that by integrating surgeons into the design team and by making them feel as though it was their project, the design team became much more effective, as it was working with the people who were going to use the design. For instance, the “brainstorm idea” introduced by one of the project designers, meshed a thorn canister, marker and a clip. This brought forth a new way to hold it in the surgeon’s hand, instead of the incline cylindrical approach, used previously. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> __ The American Red Cross Personal Board __<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> “Result - If people feel enabled by the design that is a tremendous asset.” <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> The research revealed that by having a more professional environment instead of a dreary and mechanical setting, made the workers as well as the donors feel as though they are at an actual blood drive. Additionally, the “why I give board” allowed donors to post their picture as well as a brief explanation to why they donated, which encourages other potential donors to identify with others experiences, making the process more human. But the results led people to feel that they had more of a connection with the actual gift. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> An online example of a product that utilizes Bill Moggridge's principles is the shopping cart. IDEO created a new shopping cart concept, addressing issues such as manoeuvrability, shopping behaviour, child safety, and maintenance cost. The steel frame lacks sides and a bottom to discourage theft, and clasps a removable plastic basket to increase shopper flexibility, while help protecting goods and provide a method to promote brand awareness. A dual child seat uses a swing-up tray for a play surface, and a hole provides a secure spot for a cup of coffee or a bunch of carnations. One of the unique features of the cart is the design of its steerable back wheels. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> ***Citation:** [] <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> [] <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">
 * <span style="font-weight: normal; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[] ** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">

.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Week 10: **<span style="color: fuchsia; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">
 * Read the article 'Using Nature as a Design Guide' at [] about Janine Benyus, creator of the burgeoning "biomimicry" movement.**

Janine Benyus heads both the research non-profit Biomimicry Institute and the for-profit innovation consultancy, the Biomimicry Guild, and her mission is to show engineers and designers how to translate those ideas into a corporate, commercial context. She is the author of 'Biomimicry: Innovation Inspired by Nature', published in 1997, which discusses how to re-design our interaction with nature by showing deep respect for the natural world as a mentor for our design strategies.

//** Echolocation **// //<span style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">The Sonar-Enabled Cane, designed by the Sound Foresight Company, enables those with impaired vision to navigate easily to their destination. This “UltraCane” emits sound waves in front of the holder; these sense any objects or person that the holder maybe approaching, while also providing a warning to the user of an oncoming obstacle is nearby. (For example: Stop Signs, Cross-walks, Pedestrians, and Cars.) // //** Toxin-free Glue **// Columbia Forest Products manufactures a variety of wood products, e.g.: Furniture. The researchers of the company developed ultra strong glue that contains no toxins. This idea was copied from the composition of the secretions mussels use to cling to surfaces underwater. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> Biosignal an Australian based company has studied a class of seaweed, which natural elements restrains bacteria from collecting. They developed a film that obstructs bacteria from settling down by interfering with the signals used by microbes to interact with one another. This device can be applied to disposable contact lenses, to any strain of bacteria entering the eye. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">
 * Look over examples of her biomimetic principles applied to products in the slideshow located at [] and write a short, one paragraph synopsis for each of your three favourite product designs.**
 * // Keeping the Bugs Out //**

More Information: Janine Benyus' TED Talk 12 Sustainable Design Ideas from Nature [] .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
 * Week 11: **
 * Glen Farrelly: Questions on Usability and Accessibility

One of my future colleagues at University of Toronto's Faculty of Information is doing research on usability professionals' attention to issues of accessibility in web design. Given that Ontario is considering policy that government communications are accessible to various groups by 2011 and will try to mandate similar accessibility concerns in the private sector in 2013, understanding accessibility concerns will become a key concern for communication professionals in the very near future.

Glen's asking a series of questions to usability professionals in interviews - his abbreviated list is below. Answer the below questions briefly in consideration of the material on these two websites:**

[] - basic introduction to various forms of accessibility in web communications [] - integrating accessibility in design

1. How would you describe web accessibility? Web accessibility involves the process of designing websites, so that it is can be used by those of all abilities and disabilities. (E.g.: Closed Captioned videos allow those who are hearing impaired to understand the video). It provides an opportunity for those with disabilities to become more independent, as they do not need to rely on other family members to read an article in a paper for them.

2. Who do you think benefits from accessible websites and how? Firstly, it is less expensive to provide an “accessible” online version of an article than to produce two physical versions of the same article (i.e.: Braille and ink print). Secondly, accessible websites offer closed captioned forms of many videos. Thirdly, those with cognitive disabilities can use screen reader programs can understand written information such as those in newspapers and magazines. In the business environment companies can benefit from not excluding categories of people and creating a site that is accessible to everyone. This evokes a “better” image for company and can also increase the company’s income as these, once exclude crowds can now shop online.

3. Do you think your website/blog should be accessible? Should all Canadian websites? Yes, I do think that my website/blog and all other Canadian websites should be made accessible. Additionally, making websites inaccessible to those with disabilities is considered to be discrimination and is also against the law in most countries such as the UK. In Canada however the “Ontario Government’s Bill 125” does not provide and enforce great penalties in the creation of an inaccessible website.

4. What do you think is the biggest challenge of making a website accessible? The biggest challenge in creating an accessible website is designing a website that is visibly pleasing as that addresses all types of disabilities. "Ontarians with Disabilities Act." //Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia//. 13 Mar 2009, 23:52 UTC. 24 Mar 2009 []
 * Citation: