KhaulaAjmal

Week One:
> http://www.designchain.com/testprint.asp?issue=summer02&template=coverstory > Question: Describe the unusual business model used in the ipod's fabrication as developed by Apple. > 
 * Inside the Apple iPod Design Triumph

Apple’s Ipod has brought a whole new category of digital music player to the world when they introduce the product in October 2001. According to apple first quarter result of January 21st,2009. T he Company sold a record 22,727,000 iPods during the quarter which ended December 27,2008: representing three percent unit growth over the year-ago quarter. As mentioned in the article, Inside the apple iPod design triumph, Apple's iPod design was performed by outside companies. Apple invited companies like Toshiba to assist them heat dissipation and shock tolerance. Apple did not use any incorporated all function chip to save space and battery life. Apple enable customers to invent a new market of digital music player consisting 4000 songs which user can carry in their pocket.

Additional Resources:http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2009/01/21results.html?sr=hotnews?sr=hotnews.rss

Jonathan Ive at the Design Museum

 * http://www.designmuseum.org/design/jonathan-ive

What distinguishes the work of the team of Jobs and Ive in relation to products designed by Apple? What new materials are enabling different design? Jobs: Ive: Vice President of design at apple. developed iMac with Jobs, co-founder of Apple. According to the article, Ive and his team introduced introduced world with iMac’s incredible design with colour and light which pulled users away from plain products. Jobs and Ive believe imaginative thinking and passionate attention should be paid to the design. Apple’s approach was different, Ive and Jobs took design into new direction. They created products which were easy and simple. They came up with moulding different plastics or metals. As mentioned in article, ‘The opportunities are remarkable as you can be working on jus one product that can instantly shatter an entire history of products types and implicated systems.’ The iPod is a great example of product that allowed users to listen and store music which can fit in their pocket. It had no fasteners and no batter doors. Job and Ive have created a core small team whish is located in a large studio. Everyone had very small personal space to work with, which enable collective approach for the team. Both the Jobs and Ive care about accessories include with products, they try to make the products accessible and unique. The designers try to remove most of the clutter, keep less screws as possible. The appearance of the screen of any design in plain and simple and easy to follow. > An in-depth look at the man behind Apple's design magic > http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/06_39/b4002414.htm > Question: Describe the importance of Apple's design team. Are other companies trying to compete with Apple by creating their own design teams The article, Who is Jonathan Ive?, described him as man behind Apple’s design magic. Ive’s ‘the craft of design’ team is a very small team, they all agree the understanding of its material, and its purpose in the products itself. Apple is very imposing the topic of secrecy. According to the Article, ‘Apple talk to the outside world on its own terms – typically at new product launches, such as the well-hyped press event on Sept 12.’ Apple’s designer biggest task is to live upto Steve Jobs, they have to make sure there are no visible screws. The design studio invest great portion of money towards ‘prototype equipment’. They believe in finding wrong things about a design to discover new ideas. Jonathan Ive and his team works closely with engineers, marketers, and outside contractors in asia, where the product is built. Other companies are trying to catch up with apple. Apple has come up with new innovative design which has resulted in ground breaking paths for the consumers.
 * Who Is Jonathan Ive?

Week 2:
Physical Ergonomics · Relates to human physical activity in a given envoirnment. · In working environment it is important to consider factors such as: posture, material handling, repetitive movements, work-area layout, health and safety. These factors can play an important role for a person production and efficiency for the work produced Cognitive Erognomics · Relates to human mental process. · The person and work relationship with given factors (workload, technology interaction, decision making) can make have great deal of effect on the outcome. · Reasoning, memory, motor skills are an important element of human and design interaction.

Organizational Erognomics · Provides human with learning of organizational structure, policies, processes given in an organization. · Giving employees hierarchy structure, communication structure, working hours, organizational and options can be given via training or instructions can clarify expectation from the person and understand organizational design. Part 2: For the Computer Operator, great advices have been given to assist them work environment. It would be great if they add a seat that has ‘lumber support’ for the lower back. Company can also offer massage sessions for the workers to help them with their back. It will help the workers with muscle relaxation and posture concerns. Part 3: Your Spinal Cord is very important for all bodily function. Sitting in uncomfortable way can cause serious and prolong injuries for individuals. It is important that you have comfortable sitting area and desk that works along with the chair. Shopzila is one the website which offers several kind of option for individuals. []

Week 3:
Pot-in-Pot Cooler: ** Pot in Pot is a local manufacturing product that is offered locals to store their food for longer periods of time. It also known as ‘Zeer’ in Arabic. It is the creation of Mohammad Bah Abba and being widely accepted. The zeer is a large pot inside which fits another smaller pot with a clay lid. The space between the two pots is filled with sand, creating an insulating layer around the inner pot. The sand is then kept damp by adding water at regular intervals. This Product is used in Cameroon, Tchad, Niger, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Burkina Faso.For region like Nigeria where they lack transportation, water and electricity this product is efficient. Locals can preserve food for upto twenty-one days. Due to ability to preserve food, locals can purchase food and store it for longer period of time. Since the product is manufactured locally, the costs less than US$2 to produce.  Reference: http://solarcooking.wikia.com/wiki/Pot-in-pot_cooler
 * Choose a country on the web site's map, and read through the description of the products designed for that country.List five characteristics of socially responsible product design.

 Tutorial 4: The Story of Stuff. // Story of Stuff // by Annie Leonard defines the process of materials as a continuous cycle consisting of the following four stages: extraction to production, production to distribution, distribution to consumption and consumption to disposal. She highlights the fact that even though the system is somewhat acceptable, it is actually in crisis. She introduces the system as a linear system that is continuously acidic to our planets finite resources. The unrecognized dilemma of a linear system is that it cannot maintain its existence indefinitely in an environment with finite resources. With the initiation of resources extraction, Annie Leonard believes that this is a fancy cover up for trashing the planet. It is somewhat common knowledge that our planet has a finite number of resources. However, over the thirty years human consumption has increased which has resulted in one-third of our planet’s natural resources has been consumed. She reflects on the United States as an example to disclose that humans are using much more than their share of resources. She says, “the U.S. has 5% of the world’s population but we’re consuming 30% of the world’s resources and creating 30% of the world’s waste.” (1) On a global scale she says that: 75% of the global fisheries are fished at or beyond capacity 80% of the planet’s original forests are gone. The second stage of production, she says, “we use energy to mix toxic chemicals in with the natural resources to make toxic contaminated products.” (1) According to her there are over 10,000 synthetic chemicals in commercial use today, and the more we keep putting toxics into our production system, the more we are going to keep carrying those toxic along with ourselves. Humans are the most primarily exploited resource in the production stage of the model. An example of that the highest dose of toxic chemicals is now consumed by babies through breast milk. According to Annie, of the 100 largest economies on earth, 51 are corporations and as corporations have grown in size and power, it appears that the government is really concerned in the best interest of the corporations rather than its people. On a daily basis, more than 200,000 people are moving from natural environments, that have sustained them for generations, into cities only to live in the slums, and working under some very hazardous conditions simply because they’ve no other alternatives. Distribution is the third stage, where according to Annie, is “selling all this toxic contaminated junk as quickly as possible.” (1) Industries goal is to keep prices down and keep people buying so that they can continue flow of their supply. As a Consumer public is satisfied with the low costs but the as a community, we are sacrificing factors such as: companies underpaying their workers and sparing out on necessities such as health insurance and in some cases even given fair working conditions. Consumption according to Annie is the soul of this system. It is a drug that has turned humans into addicts. Their identities have changed to consumers of a drug, not entitled to relationship such as: a doctors, mothers, teachers, fathers, etc. According to her video, “the primary way that our value is measured and demonstrated is by how we contribute to this arrow, how much we consume.” She believes that due to this system 99% of the stuff that is consumed by us is trashed within 6 months of purchase. She believe that corporations have use strategies such as planned obsolescence; meaning “designed for the dump” (1), and perceived obsolescence; which means that society has convinced us to throw stuff away even though it is perfectly useful. She uses the example of the fashion industry to demonstrate the effects of perceived obsolescence. Disposal is the result of these two strategies. According to Annie we are all most familiar with this stage of the materials economy “because we have to haul the junk out to the curb ourselves.” The amount of garbage that is generated per person in the U.S. is about 4.5 pounds a day, which has doubled in the past 30 years. She says that our methods of disposal further add to our destruction of the planet. That is the garbage is either dumped in a landfill or burned in an incinerator and then dumper in a landfill. “she suggest public to adapt to the new school of thinking that consists of Green Chemistry, Zero Waste, Closed Loop Production, Renewable Energy and Local Living Economies. She says that it is only a matter of time before we will be forced to adapt to this, if we get a head start then at least we will be able to conserve better living environment for future generations. “The Story of Stuff with Annie Leonard.” Available at: []
 * Tutorial Question **** : ** Write three paragraphs on how Annie Leonard defines the system of the 'materials economy' and describe its interactions.
 * Bibliography: **

The concept behind //bodystorming// is to imagine or to put yourself in a particular situation. It is sometimes known as a technique sometimes used in interaction design or as a creativity technique. The idea is to imagine what it would be like if the product existed, and act as though it exists, ideally in the place it would be used. Bodystorming session can initialize with "a preliminary a observation and documentation is conducted. From the documents, interesting phenomena are selected and edited into easily readable design questions" (Oulasvitra). The act of bodystorming simply includes reenacting or acting a particular situation in order to learn more about it. The video features three cases that focused on different disabilities. The first case dealt with 'visual impairmant". The participant in this case study was found to be disoriented and dependent. They even noticed how she was able to mentally count the amount of steps it takes to reach the stairs as this helped her create a mental map of the location. In essence, this case revealed how to cope with blindness, the participant used every other sense to guide her while also using a numeric method to create a mental map of the location she visited. The second case focused on a cognitive disability often referred to as 'attention deficit disorder'. The participant in this case study was found to face difficulty in properly performing the task that resulted in emotional factors such as frustration negatively impacting his self-esteem. The study allowed the researchers to come to a conclusion that using narration during an activity would not only make the activity more enjoyable but would also improve the performance of the participant. Finally the last case dealt with a motor disability with the focus being on chronic arthritis. The participant in this case study was found to have developed a fear of injury that made him extremely anxious. The participant also used more energy that resulted in his body temperature to rise as well. The researches also found that using tangible objects made of safe materials, using passing space and accessible routes decreased the participant's fear that could mean that using such things can assist those affected with chronic arthiritis to feel better and more relaxed.
 * Week 5: **  **Research the definition of 'bodystorming', and write a paragraph describing its characteristics. ** **Describe the information revealed to the researchers in the three different case studies for one paragraph each **.

In the interview with David Liddle at [], he defines three stages for the adoption of a new technology. What are his definitions for these three stages of adoption, and how did he apply them to his case study of a camera? Write one clear paragraph for each of his definitions, listing their attributes in relation to the development of the camera. Can you think of another consumer product which has undergone similar developments? Name it. Mat Hunter believes that today's world is about social entrepreneurship.The first stage, known as the Enthusiast Stage, is basically when a new technology is introduced to a group of users who appreciate it in an aesthetic way and love the challenge of exploiting it. This group of users seeks new technology that is intriguing and look forward to learning. David further explains this stage by using the example of the 35mm camera by stating that in the 1950’s when the camera had just been introduced. David mentions that the knowledge required to using a device such as the 35mm camera, at that time, was similar to having a PHD. Additionally he states that when a new technology such as the 35mm camera is introduced it is longing to be exploited and demands the users to explore its capabilities. The second stage in the adoption process is known as the Professional Stage. In this stage the technology is undergoes increased production to create as vast of a user group as possible. The intentions are that once this user group sees the value and benefits that lie within professional environment. In relation to the 35mm camera, Liddle says that this was initially an exotic product used by professional photographers. The controls on the camera stabilized but remained highly manual. In other words, a product in this stage wishes the user to identify its productivity and the practicality through which it can better the users’ performance. In the last stage, known as the Consumer stage, the product undergoes mass production, prices reduce significantly and some simplification thus making the product a practical purchase for common public. As he mentioned in the 35mm camera example, simplification could be in the form of automation of important controls. Thus in the consumer stage that user acquires the product in accordance with their lifestyle. Another consumer product that has undergone these three stages of the adoption process and has revolutionized the term access is Internet. The internet was initially developed by the government for the military and to allow scholars exchange information but as the product underwent the adoption cycle it has now become a necessity for people today. At first the use of internet was limited to the sharing of scholarly materials but today from sending free text messages to instant messaging to even digging up dirt on someone, the internet has truly extended it capabilities to allow any average consumer to participate in a virtual world for any reason. <span style="font-family: Times; color: rgb(75, 34, 136);">[] Video: History of Internet. <span style="font-family: Times; color: rgb(0, 24, 232);">[]
 * __ Week 6: __**** Three Phases for the Adoption of a Technology **
 * Bibliography: **

Write a description of interaction architecture as defined by Mat Hunter at <span style="font-family: Times; color: rgb(75, 34, 136);">[] and Rikako Sakai at <span style="font-family: Times; color: rgb(0, 24, 232);">[] in relation to their work with Kodak in 1995. In addition, as you will be creating a questionnaire for your major assignment, read the article at <span style="font-family: Times; color: rgb(0, 24, 232);">[] How does the author define 'leading questions' and 'hypothetical questions'? Write a paragraph each to define these terms to help you formulate the question. Matt Hunter defines Interaction Architecture using the example of digital camera and states that the development of film was originally a very messy process involving numerous chemicals carried out by the mass market. He states that it is important to identify the reasons for which people take pictures. It is more than just capturing a moment, it is a means of self-expression, it is an attempt at information recording and creating an object of reference, and lastly it also a means of socializing. Interaction Architecture thus became a series of rules that would enable the creation of a whole series of cameras, rather than just one. To gain further understanding of this they created an experimental product known as the “user experience prototype.” (Matt Hunter) This prototype had a large box shaped interface with a security camera at the front of it and was connected to a computer. This prototype greatly enabled the designers to sculpt the interface for the digital camera as it was able to give them very accurate and valuable feedback. Rikako Sakai defines the Interaction Architecture by using self-developed software known as the PhotoStitch that would allow user to stitch picture together. While developing this software, Rikako Sakai also aimed on enhancing the user experience. Though this was a great software tool enabling an amazing concept, it only had one flaw which made it very user unfriendly; the users had to follow too many steps. Thus, they decided to ease the user’s experience with the software by introducing animations to allow the user gain a better understanding. For Sakai, throughout the development of the software, studied people and their interactions to understand issues should the software address, thus following the concept of Interaction Architecture.
 * __<span style="color: rgb(176, 36, 16);">Week 7: __****<span style="font-family: Times; color: rgb(176, 36, 16);"> Interaction Architecture and Designing a Questionaire. **
 * Matt Hunter**
 * Rikako Sakai**

<span style="color: rgb(176, 36, 16);"> **<span style="color: rgb(176, 36, 16);">Week 8: Human-Centred Design Case Study of Cellphones in Developing Countries **<span style="color: rgb(176, 36, 16);"> [] very carefully. Jan Chipchase is a “human behaviour researcher” for Nokia, a Finnish cell phone company. He travels around the world gathering information and knowledge about the role of cell phones in people’s lives. The information helps Nokia understand their consumer more effectively. He gains input on what people’s needs are from a cell phone by having face-to-face conversations and also photographs their living circumstances so that the design team can have accurate feedback which is crucial information when re-designing products. This information is important because it helps Nokia to learn about their existing customers and potential customers without having to actually make a product, introduce it and then get feedback on it. Rather they can learn from anthropologists like Chipchase who provide them with feedback from those who already own a cell phone and even those who don’t to identify their needs and preferences. One of the finding that he discovered was visiting Mumbai, India. He spent time with a shoemaker and his family. During this time he noted that the shoe salesman kept his cell phone in a plastic bag, sort of a homemade water-proof case, to prevent it from getting water damage in a flood prone city. With this information Chipchase proposed the idea of a hook based cell phone design so that it can be suspended above the floor, thus preventing it from being at risk of damage from rain water. In the end, Nokia attempts to lean about the lifestyles and cultures of different people all around the world so that they can make their products as efficient and as beneficial as possible. Additionally Nokia is more efficient in promoting their products in a larger market because Chipchase provides the company with critical information such as, people in developing countries prefer to subscribe to ‘pay as you go’ plans instead of monthly subscription. Text messaging is also a very inexpensive feature used in these countries which allows people to increase their productivity and well-being since it is very easy to reach contacts. Therefore the use of cell phones in developing countries presents a bottom-up economic model where fishermen and shoe salesman use their cell phones to grow their business and to provide the necessities for their families. Thus Nokia can benefit significantly if they re-design their products to accurately address the needs of this large ‘bottom of the pyramid’ customer base since. = =
 * Read the online article 'Can the Cellphone end Global Poverty? ** ' at
 * In three paragraphs, describe the role of Jan Chipchase in defining the role of cellphones in the developing world for Nokia, and the benefits of analyzing cellphone use and design in different cultures as part of their market expansion. **
 * Bibliography: ** []