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**Jonathan Ive & The iPod **  __Describe the unusual business model used in the iPod's fabrication as developed by Apple.__ It was unusual for Apple with a history of in-house design and proprietary technologies to look to other manufacturers for the parts within their digital audio player. They looked to cutting-edge manufacturers for the various components to satisfy Apple’s vision. The designers at Apple intended to hold a user's entire library within their pocket, requiring an outside-in design process that focused on the convenience of the compact design. Apple must be commended for their integration of these top quality parts into a pocket-sized player even though they used over the shelf components. In order to effectively implement their layered design of components within the compact dimensions, they received assistance and facilitated cross communication between manufacturers to ensure effective integration and fabrication of smaller connectors and circuits for their custom design.

__What distinguishes the work of the team of Jobs and Ive in relation to products designed by Apple? What new materials are enabling different design?__ When Jobs and Ive initially started working together during Apple’s tremulous times, the focus had been placed on competition with companies who did not share the same values and direction that Apple possessed. Instead of focusing first on image and the differentiation between competition, Ive and the Apple design team focused fist on innovation and care. Resources are invested on materials, new fabrication processes, internal product architecture and construction for the design. In order to obtain the desired form and function set by Ive and the Apple design team, plastic polymers are molded through twin shooting and co-molding with metal, allowing for new formal and functional opportunities that do not require hinges, doors, and screws.

__Describe the importance of Apple's design team. Are other companies trying to compete with Apple by creating their own design teams?__ Ive leads a team that is not only worried about the superficial product, but the full production process including the materials, the tools involved, the assembly, and the purpose. The design team is small and they work together closely in cutting-edge studios with little room for individual work. Collaboration is stressed, and perfection is the standard regardless of the fabrication cost. Rival companies are still hesitant to place the outside-in design process of Apple in to practice, instead obsessing over cost saving and risk prevention rather than innovation and care.

WEEK 2
**Ergonomics ** <span style="color: rgb(255, 129, 0);">__Three Definitions:__ **Physical Ergonomics:** The ergonomics of human to tool interaction. Ergonomics involving human body interactions during physical activity concerning posture, body position during handling, repetitive movements, specific work based muscle and skeleton disorders, work station layout, and safety and health requirements. <span style="color: rgb(255, 129, 0);"> <span style="color: rgb(255, 129, 0);">__Additional Recommendation – Case Study: Truck Operators__ - Due to lack of rear view mirror, position camera near back of truck and install monitor in rear view mirror position - Transition to paddle shifter based gear mechanism to avoid operation of gear stick, also keeps hands of driver near wheel - Crash sensors that warn the truck driver of objects coming close with an increasing tone as proximity increases
 * Cognitive Ergonomics:** The ergonomics of human to system interaction. Ergonomics of mental processes involving memorization, reasoning, reaction time, stress levels, problem solving, skill based performance, computer interaction, and training.
 * Organizational Ergonomics:** The ergonomics of organizational structures. Ergonomics involving communication, human resource management, scheduling, online communication, and quality control.

<span style="color: rgb(255, 129, 0);">__Ergonomically Sound Product: Handshoe Mouse__ Reduces pinching and gripping of mouse during operation by forcing hand into a supported relaxed position that only requires slight contraction of the muscle to operate instead of lifting one’s finger to click. http://www.handshoemouse.com/

<span style="color: rgb(129, 8, 8);">WEEK 3
<span style="color: rgb(129, 8, 8);">**<span style="color: rgb(244, 16, 16); font-size: 120%;">Design for the other 90% ** <span style="color: rgb(255, 129, 0);">__List five characteristics of socially responsible product design__ <span style="color: rgb(255, 157, 0); font-size: 90%;"> Country Chosen: South America -Provides educational opportunities at a low cost -Uses free operating system Red Hat -Easily transportable with small form factor made out of durable plastic with one rotatable hinge -Cheaply manufactured out of ABS plastic and rubber, easily mass produced -One piece of equipment rather than multiple components that can be more complicated for first time users **Solar Aid** -Allows for hearing impaired to continue education and work without depending on expensive batteries -ABS plastic is UV resistant and durable in order to protect internal components -Small form allows for easy transportation -Solar panel and other components require no maintenance, no maintenance = no extra costs -Uses waste from commonly used sugarcane to produce coal to fire -Provides energy that is clean, does not impact respiratory system as severely as wood burning charcoal -Prevents deforestation by using agricultural waste -Process is simple using a kiln, binder, and special press -Low cost with process, equipment inexpensive -Can be used with other agricultural waste, not just sugarcane -Insect repellent lined polyester net -Provides shelter from malaria infected mosquitoes -Can be washed without losing repellent effectiveness -Malaria kills millions in developing countries, most efficient way to fight disease before infection occurs -Large size allows for easy use in any situation, provides shelter and protects from malaria -**Application is low cost, can be easily setup -Does not use any chemicals or filters, uses light to kill pathogens instead -Portable size, can be easily transported -Can filter water in large batches -Provides revenue and prevents harmful bacteria and parasites from being consumed<span style="color: rgb(129, 8, 8);"><span style="color: rgb(244, 16, 16);"> <span style="color: rgb(6, 16, 70);"><span style="color: rgb(244, 16, 16);">
 * One Laptop Per Child**
 * Sugarcane Charcoal**
 * Permanet**
 * Aquastar Plus and Flow Through

<span style="color: rgb(129, 8, 8);">WEEK 4
<span style="color: rgb(129, 8, 8);">**<span style="color: rgb(244, 16, 16); font-size: 120%;">Story of Stuff **<span style="color: rgb(6, 16, 70);"><span style="color: rgb(204, 36, 15);"> <span style="color: rgb(255, 129, 0);">__List five characteristics of socially responsible product design__ **Extraction** Over the past few decades 1/3 of the Earth's natural resources have been used due to excessive mining, cutting, hauling, and trashing. More than 40% of the Earth's water is now undrinkable with only 4% of the Earth's original forests left with around 2000 trees being cut every minute. In order to be socially responsible when designing a product, the packaging, the inserts, and the product it self must limit the number of natural resources required to fabricate. Many of the chemicals required to fabricate a product have not yet been tested even though there are over 100,000 synthetic chemicals in use. Currently there is no extensive research for synergistic impacts of chemicals in contact with each other even though brominated flame retardants exist in a majority of house hold products like computers, appliances, couches, and pillows. As a result of toxins existing in consumables, breast milk for babies have been contaminated by these potentially harmful toxins. Factory workers often work in harmful environments, with 2000 people each day moving to cities regardless of carcinogens, byproducts, and pollutants that add to the 4 billion pounds of toxic chemicals produced every year. Creating products that use environmentally safe chemicals or no chemicals at all will not only benefit the Earth when the product is disposed, the user can safely use the product as well. From the desire to mass produce to reduce costs and maximize profits, research and consideration for the materials and processes involved have often been disregarded. Properly disposing chemicals and using packaging and materials that are chemically safe for all users to use will avoid harming the user while also avoiding dangerous legal action from victimized users. When externalizing work, the well being of the workers in foreign countries, the work standards, and the processes and chemicals involved must be carefully monitored and maintained. This is the root of the issue, we have become a nation of consumers who value only the amount one consumes. The majority of the items one purchases is disposed in 6 months, with the economy continually influencing customers to convert the buying and use of goods into rituals that require spiritial and egotistical satisifcation. Companies plan for redundancy, designing products to expire, depreciate, and malfunction or break, forcing the consumer to buy a new one. This also changes the perception of the user, rendering perfectly functioning items obsolete like the LCD television and the CRT television. Designing a product with quality standards as a priority is important to the durability, the quality, and the image of the product. This in turn brings revenue by creating a product that is not only usable, but one that builds brand loyalty and good brand identity. With the 4.5 pounds of garbage produced on average each day by an individual, the waste that is disposed is dumped, burned, then dumped again. The incinerators release airborne toxins that make super toxin dioxin, the most toxic man made substance. It can be prevented by restricting the incineration of garbage while also limiting the amount exported to other countries. Creating products that are recyclable not only in package and inserts, but creating a product that can be recycled safely it self is important in creating an environmentally safe product. The dimensions of the product should also be considered, as well as the chemicals used in the fabrication. Safer chemicals can be used in the fabrication of some products as long as they can be burned safely without producing dioxin.
 * Production**
 * Distribution**
 * Consumption**
 * Disposal**

<span style="color: rgb(129, 8, 8);">WEEK 5
<span style="color: rgb(129, 8, 8);"><span style="color: rgb(6, 16, 70);"><span style="color: rgb(204, 36, 15);">**<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(255, 32, 0);">Bodystorming ** <span style="color: rgb(255, 129, 0);">__Research the definition of "Bodystorming" and and write a paragraph describing the characteristics__ Bodystorming is a form of designing by acting out the function where the activity being designed is unfamiliar but still accessible by the designer. Bodystorming allows for the contextualization of factors that can only be experienced in a real environment by getting up and moving. Bodystorming is useful in designing around physical and experential factors that cannot be accounted for with out first hand testing.

<span style="color: rgb(204, 36, 15);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 129, 0);">__Describe the information presented in the three case studies__ **Visual Impairment - Blindness** When visually impaired, the participant found that their other senses were heightened and more depended upon. While traveling through their surroundings, the participant depended upon mental mapping by counting the number of stairs climbed, or the number of steps taken between points to cope with the blindness. Through bodystorming the researches were able to better explore multi-sensory approaches like sound and touch.

<span style="color: rgb(204, 36, 15);"> The participant was asked to resight a phone number while completing math calculations. The participant found it was difficult to complete the task and that the constant cycle of frustration negatively effected his ability to finish the task. The bodystorming approach was effective in providing a similar experiece for the designer that best represented the cognitive disorder. This allowed the designer to understand the importance of clear narration and the balance between difficulty and fun factor. <span style="color: rgb(184, 35, 35);"> <span style="color: rgb(6, 16, 70);">**Motor - Chronic Arthritis** <span style="color: rgb(204, 36, 15);"> The participant was restricted in hand mobility by fastening the wrist and hands. The participant was not confident in using kitchen utensils and required much more energy and attention to complete the tasks. This allowed for the researchers to better understand and experience the importance of accessible routes, passing space, and materials that form a better grip with less force.
 * Cognitive - Attention Deficit Disorder**

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<span style="color: rgb(129, 8, 8);">WEEK 6
<span style="color: rgb(129, 8, 8);"><span style="color: rgb(6, 16, 70);"><span style="color: rgb(204, 36, 15);">**<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(255, 32, 0);">Three Phases for the Adoption of a Technology ** <span style="color: rgb(255, 129, 0);">__Definitions of the three stages of adoption, how does he apply them to the camera? Think of another consumer product that has undergone similar developments?__ **Enthusiast Phase** Enthusiasts love and enjoy the technology despite its difficulty in use. After many enthusiasts have obtained the technology, eventually a few of them will use the technology at their work. They wish to exploit the technology to better suit their needs. Originally the cameras used by NASA required a user with a PhD in optics to operate.

This happens when one of the enthusiasts decides to incorporate this technology in to their daily work. Originally used by scientists, the camera was adopted by professional photographers which eventually lead to the stabilization of the design. The adoption of technology in this stage provides a notable change in the daily activities of the professional, normally increasing the efficiency of the business.
 * Professional Phase**

After a product has a large enough market in the business phase, the price point will become much smaller thus making it much more affordable for consumers to purchase. The priorities are much different for the product than in the professional or enthusiast stage. Many controls become automatic and it becomes much more simplified and easier to use.
 * Consumer Phase**

Originally used by scientists and the military to safely share information and communicate, the internet was initially in an enthusiast phase where it was only used by the government. Eventually the internet became commercialized and became available for businesses to purchase domain names to advertise and provide services. The internet is now in the consumer phase, where it is changing from a communication tool that can only be used at the home to a communication tool that can be accessed wiressly and even from a user's cell phone. **<span style="color: rgb(6, 16, 70);">The History of the Internet ** <span style="color: rgb(129, 8, 8);"><span style="color: rgb(129, 8, 8);">media type="youtube" key="9hIQjrMHTv4" height="295" width="480"
 * The Internet**

<span style="color: rgb(129, 8, 8);">WEEK 7
<span style="color: rgb(129, 8, 8);"><span style="color: rgb(6, 16, 70);"><span style="color: rgb(204, 36, 15);">**<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(255, 32, 0);">Interaction Architecture and Designing a Questionnaire ** <span style="color: rgb(255, 129, 0);">__Write the description of interaction architecture according to Hunter and Sakai and their work with Kodak in 1995.__ **Hunter** When working with Kodak in 1995, Hunter worked with Kodak to further develop the digital camera. Immediately Hunter and Kodak understood that the camera was no longer just about capturing an image, it was becoming more about reviewing the image, sharing the image, e-mailing, ordering prints, or even deleting the image. In order to manage these functions, interaction architecture that allows not only one camera to be designed, but a series. The design was prototyped with a big box connected to a Mac tower computer running Macromedia Director, crafting the user interface allowing the user to review the image and delete it, while also allowing the camera to send images to a television. This was a quick and powerful way to communicate not only the functions and features, but the way the camera and the functions felt when under use.

Sakai works with Canon developing Photostitch, a stitch assisting mode for cameras allowing a user to easily create their own panographic images without difficult post processing. To simplify this process, Sakai decided to use the interface to describe the process rather than through a step by step method. Within the interface, an animation is created to portray the method of dragging and dropping the previous image with the current one. This simple animation helped beginner users to better understand the steps involved with stitching the images together with the camera mode.
 * Sakai**

A leading question is a question that already implies a certain answer, or provides answers that only cover a certain range of answers. In order to prevent asking these types of questions the question must remain neutral while providing a wide range of answers that are equally distributed. The phrasing of a question is also important, the negative and positive connotations of a question must be mixed into the questionnaire, and if a large population is being surveyed, various versions should be created to reduce this effect.
 * Leading Questions**

These are questions that survey the individual on something he or she may have never considered before. This relies too heavily on fantasy or conjecture, a unsatisfactory basis for answering a questionnaire. The questions must be focused and direct, and must be constrained to provide data about the user's opinion.
 * Hypothetical Questions**

<span style="color: rgb(129, 8, 8);">WEEK 8
<span style="color: rgb(129, 8, 8);"><span style="color: rgb(6, 16, 70);"><span style="color: rgb(204, 36, 15);">**<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(255, 32, 0);">Human-Centered Design Case Study on Cell Phones in Developing Countries ** <span style="color: rgb(255, 129, 0);">__Three paragraphs describing the role of John Chipchase in defining the role of cell phones in the developing world for Nokia, benefits of analyzing cellphone use and design in different cultures and the role cell phones have in market expansion.__ Chipchase works for Nokia as a human behaviour researcher travelling to and from smaller and developing economies to collect information on how these cell phone users utilize the technology in their daily lives to increase the efficiency, and as a result improve the economy of these developing areas. The range of service of the cell phone network now can cater to 80% of the worlds population, and provides an economizing route for developing nations to better adapt and predict the amout and the way in which they use their resources by using a cell phone to contact a customer, or to advertise a service while reducing travelling times and better allowing the people to understand and communicate with potential customers before any product or service is delivered to them.

Chipchase works on a micro level, travelling to villages to interview and capture the daily experiences of the cell phone users who depend on the service to bring food, clothing, and shelter to their families. Chipchase will log interviews, take images of the user's work place, home, and even handbag to better understand the identity and as a result the experience that the user encounters with the cell phone, and the various features that they require the most in their unique daily usage.

The use of the cell phone in developing areas acts as a mobilizing device, reducing the distance and amount of waste, while increasing the profitability and market size. Areas that do not have a banking system are using pre-paid airtime cards as a way to transfer money to family by sending to pre-paid airtime to village phone businesses who then deliver the money minus a small fee. Farmers are able to bring their product to cell phone owners in villages who act as a sort of agent who determines the best market prices and arranges a protfitable exchange minus a commission. Telecommunication is important to developing countries as a basic means of mobilizing their resources effectively, thus providing a means to develop an economy without a dependence on aid programs that often lose effectiveness due to administration and bureaucratic factors, instead a bottom-up approach of economic development empowers individuals by facilitating entrepreneurship.

<span style="color: rgb(129, 8, 8);">WEEK 9
<span style="color: rgb(204, 36, 15);">**<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(255, 32, 0);">Design as a Collaborative Process ** <span style="color: rgb(255, 129, 0);">__Describe how Moggridge defines 'design as a collaborative process', cite two examples of how creators involve the people they are designing for. Find an online example of a product with utilizes this principle of collaborative design, add its URL and describe its design in three sentences.__ <span style="color: rgb(6, 16, 70);">According to Moggridge, design as a collaborative process is a way in which designers can better understand the way individuals think when interacting with the product involving cultural differences, sociology (the way in which individuals are connected), and anthropology. He suggests tackling these design issues in groups with individuals ranging in backgrounds, otherwise it will be difficult to account for the social interactions. He believes that working in a team and promoting togetherness and the benefits of the "shared" mind are much more effective in creating brainstorm results than each mind thinking independently. <span style="color: rgb(129, 8, 8);"> <span style="color: rgb(6, 16, 70);">Moggridge uses the example of the film canister and the marker being used to create a physical mock up when designing a tool for surgeons. This mock up was created on site and given to the surgeons to hold and orient themselves with to get a rough idea of the implications and issues that might arise when designing such a tool. This rapid feedback and prototyping approach is very useful especially when designing so closely with the surgeons themselves. <span style="color: rgb(129, 8, 8);"> <span style="color: rgb(6, 16, 70);">Moggridge also uses the example of the Red Cross blood donation trolley that successfully made the donors feel much more involved in the gift they were giving. On the trolley they have a wall that is titled "Why I Give" for donors to attach a picture and a message regarding the reason for their donation. This completely humanizes the service instead of portraying a drab, mechanical, overly clinical feeling experience that place more emphasis on the blood rather than the reason for giving. <span style="color: rgb(129, 8, 8);">

<span style="color: rgb(6, 16, 70);">**Microsoft Surface** http://www.microsoft.com/SURFACE/about_faqs/faqs.aspx <span style="color: rgb(129, 8, 8);"> <span style="color: rgb(6, 16, 70);">Microsoft Surface replaces an ordinary table top to a 30" interactive display that can allow multiple individuals to experience an application together or by themselves. Information can be directly interacted with by more than one user using either hands or fingers to grab and touch objects on the screen. Users are able to place physical objects on the screen as well, triggering various digital responses based on the application. Microsoft Surface has great potential for hospitality businesses, educational institutions, and for various military uses. media type="youtube" key="rP5y7yp06n0" height="344" width="425" media type="youtube" key="yeS09UenMTo" height="344" width="425" <span style="color: rgb(129, 8, 8);">

<span style="color: rgb(129, 8, 8);">WEEK 10
<span style="color: rgb(204, 36, 15);"><span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(255, 32, 0);"> **<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(255, 32, 0);">Biomimicry: Janine Benyus and the Biomimicry Institute and Guild ** <span style="color: rgb(255, 129, 0);">__Look over the examples of Janine Benyus' biomimetic principles applied to the products and write a short one paragraph synopsis for each of your three favourite product designs.__ <span style="color: rgb(6, 16, 70);"> Birds gracefully soar across the skies with out much turbulence or noise. Even though they are much smaller in size in comparison to the mechanical features of airplanes, trains, and vehicles that are used for travel, the serrations present on owls feathers have been studied and emulated in the design of Japan's 500 Series Shinkansen bullet train to greatly reduce the noise pollution caused from the train. Along with the noise reductions inspired from an owl's feathers, the nose of the train has been modeled after a kingfisher's beak, a bird that dives from air to water with very little resistance. media type="youtube" key="9oVx0sq2JXM" height="295" width="480"
 * Avian Elements**

Birds gracefully soar across the skies with out much turbulence or noise. Even though they are much smaller in size in comparison to the mechanical features of airplanes, trains, and vehicles that are used for travel, the serrations present on owls feathers have been studied and emulated in the design of Japan's 500 Series Shinkansen bullet train to greatly reduce the noise pollution caused from the train. Along with the noise reductions inspired from an owl's feathers, the nose of the train has been modeled after a kingfisher's beak, a bird that dives from air to water with very little resistance.
 * Echolocation**

Demonstration here: http://www.batcane.com/ultracane_demonstrator.htm

<span style="color: rgb(129, 8, 8);"><span style="color: rgb(6, 16, 70);">Platelets in the human body work in the bloodstream by traveling through the veins to seal cuts and wounds. Adapting this feature that the human body automatically exhibits to an industrial application, Brinker Technology has developed a "Platelet Technology" that flows inside pipelines to seal the leak. These platelets also contain a radioisotope to better locate the defects, engineers simply view the marks on the exterior of the pipe made by the platelets in order to locate the damaged areas.
 * Stanch the Bleeding**

**<span style="color: rgb(129, 8, 8);">WEEK 11 **
<span style="color: rgb(204, 36, 15);">**Glenn Farrelly: Questions on Usability and Accessibility** <span style="color: rgb(255, 157, 0);">__<span style="color: rgb(255, 129, 0);">Glen's asking a series of questions to usability professionals in interviews- his abbreviated list is below. Answer the below questions briefly in consideration of the material on the two sites: __ <span style="color: rgb(129, 8, 8); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 80%;">

<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**1. How would you describe web accessibility?** Web accessibility is the compatibility of the web site's information, media, and layout with specific user settings for individuals with vision, auditory, or motor impairments. When a website is accessible to both general and impaired users while effectively delivering information, it can be marked as a completely accessible website.

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<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> **2. Who do you think benefits from accessible websites and how?** When a website becomes friendly to all users, it benefits all users. A website that is coded and designed with web accessible features allows for better navigation, link names, quotations, and descriptions. Improving these features by renaming links, reorganizing navigation items in order of importance, linking phrases instead of website addresses, and adding descriptions for any videos or images allows for an increase in accessibility to all users regardless or age, skill level, or impairment.

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<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> **3. Do you think your website/blog should be accessible? Should all Canadian websites?** It is almost impossible to enforce accessibility rules on every single website created by Canadians. My website should be accessible enough for the target audience, but when creating a website that is related to a government service, it should be as accessible as possible to all the users in that region. My website should be accessible since it will increase the organization and information flow of my website while also reaching out to the largest audience possible.

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<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> **4. What do you think is the biggest challenge of making a website accessible?**

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<span style="color: rgb(129, 8, 8); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> The biggest challenge in making a website accessible is when the information being presented is created by the users themselves. If the information is created by only a few people, accessibility can be taught and enforced. When the users are creating the information, they are not thinking twice about web accessibility when sending messages, posting links, or updating information. ||