Rana+Mohamed

Welcome to my page!!![[image:ranoona's_picture.jpg]]
= = = = =Article 1 = =Q uestion 1: Describe the unusual business model used on the iPod's fabrication as developed by Apple?     =  Apple developed a layered design chain tuned for an early-stage market to create the iPod. It relied on a fabless semiconductor company called Portalplayer, which developed a base platform for a variety of audio systems. Apple chose Portalplayer in particular due to its high quality of sound created by its design expertise. Later, Portalplayer and Apple became partner, where Portalplayer selected other design chain members and managed the design process. Portelligent Inc. firm created the product design from the outside in. The firm made the eseential units, which are the battery, hard drive, and the circuit board layered one atop of another, which was very smart as it would take less space and not waste spaces that can be used within the device. Therefore, the device itself would be smaller and so more representable. PortalPlayer decided to develop a reference model for a high-quality portable audio player based on a standard product design strategy. It developed a series of designs that enabled customization, and at the same time provided a stable environment, thereby eliminating the need to start design from scratch. Moreover, Apple relied on Toshiba for guidance about heat dissipation and shock tolerance. All in all, Apple along with other companies used the highest quality equipment to create the iPod and this is why it is one of the best companies among digital music player creators. **Question 2: What distinguishes the work of the team of Jobs and Ive in relation to products designed by Apple? What new materials are enabling different design?** There was a difference in the roots of the product design created by Ive and Jobs versus Apple. The decisive factor used by Jonathan Ive was the fanatical care beyond the obvious stuff: the obsessive attention to details that are often overlooked, like cables and power adaptors. On the other hand, the main objective of the Apple Company was to design products that are simple and easy to use by their consumers. Materials, processes, product architecture and construction are huge drivers in design. Polymer advances mean that we can now create composites to meet very specific functional goals and requirements. From a processing point of view we can now do things with plastic that we were previously told were impossible. Twin shooting materials - moulding different plastics together or co-moulding plastic to metal gives us a range of functional and formal opportunities that really didn’t exist before. Other companies’ main aim is to be superficially different and not make something better and new. **Question 3: Describe the importance of Apple's design team. Are other companies trying to compete with Apple by creating their own design teams?** <span style="color: rgb(197,43,222);">The Apple's design team are very co-operative and honest in their work. The most significant thing is that they all had one aim and so all worked together to achieve it. <span style="font-size: 10.8pt; color: rgb(197,43,222); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">They work closely and intensely with engineers, marketers, and even outside manufacturing contractors in Asia who actually build the products. Rather than being simple stylists, they're leading innovators in the use of new materials and production process. Big corporations have neither the focus, the skills, nor the appetite for risk to build mass-produced products that feel as if they were made by high-priced boutiques in New York or London. While computer companies have focused on pinching pennies these past few decades, Apple has been perfecting its design game.

=//**__<span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Georgia,serif; background-color: rgb(214,172,226);">Article 2 __**//=

<span style="font-size: 35%; color: rgb(37,59,212); background-color: rgb(237,221,248);"> =<span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Georgia,serif;">//**Question 1: List the three definitions of 'ergonomics'.**// = <span style="font-size: 129.6%; color: rgb(206,69,237);"> <span style="font-size: 16pt; color: black; font-family: 'Georgia','serif';">//<span style="font-size: 80%; font-family: Georgia,serif;">**Question 2: Read each of the task analyses and case studies at** // [|//**http://www.ergonomics.org.au/ergonomics/case_studies.html#case6****//] //**<span style="font-size: 80%; font-family: Georgia,serif;">. Choose one of the case studies, and add an additional recommendation to one of them in step two as 'advice' .**// <span style="color: rgb(197,43,222);"><span style="font-size: 19.25pt; color: rgb(197,79,227); font-family: 'Georgia','serif';"> A large city hotel was being re-furbished and updated. It was thought that the dining room and its equipment could be improved to be both more efficient, and to reduce injury risk to staff. <span style="display: block; color: rgb(197,43,222); text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 15.015pt; color: rgb(197,79,227); font-family: 'Georgia','serif';">//Step One: Task Analysis// <span style="font-size: 12.6pt; color: rgb(197,79,227); font-family: 'Georgia','serif';">The management and staff were consulted and their main issues noted. The dining room and the staff were observed in busy and quiet times. __Issues and observations included:__ <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(197,79,227); font-family: Symbol;">· <span style="font-size: 14.175pt; color: rgb(197,79,227); font-family: 'Georgia','serif';">the waiters and waitresses carried large, heavy trays; <span style="color: rgb(197,43,222);"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(197,79,227); font-family: Symbol;">· <span style="font-size: 14pt; color: rgb(197,79,227); font-family: 'Georgia','serif';">crockery was thick and heavy; <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(197,79,227); font-family: Symbol;">· <span style="font-size: 14pt; color: rgb(197,79,227); font-family: 'Georgia','serif';">the sideboard unit where most of the clean crockery and glassware was kept was located at one end of the dining room, with shelves from waist height to floor level; and <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(197,79,227); font-family: Symbol;">· <span style="font-size: 14pt; color: rgb(197,79,227); font-family: 'Georgia','serif';">in busy periods staff carried more plates and were quickly and constantly moving between tables and the kitchen and sideboard **<span style="font-size: 12.636pt; color: rgb(197,79,227); font-family: 'Georgia','serif';">//Step Two: Advice// ** __<span style="color: rgb(197,43,222);">The proposed solutions included: __ <span style="color: rgb(197,43,222);"><span style="font-size: 17.5pt; color: rgb(197,79,227); font-family: 'Georgia','serif';">1. <span style="font-size: 16px; color: rgb(197,79,227); font-family: Georgia,serif;">reviewing the use of trays and considering using trolleys for some tasks ; <span style="display: block; font-size: 44.8%; color: rgb(197,43,222); text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 17.5pt; color: rgb(197,79,227); font-family: 'Georgia','serif';">2. changing the tray to a lighter and easier to grasp tray; 3. reviewing the crockery designs and weight; 4. moving the sideboard to a more central location in the room, and modifying or replacing to include some higher shelving, and placing the most frequently used items between thigh and chest height; 5. rostering staff to cope with peak periods; and <span style="color: rgb(197,43,222);"><span style="font-size: 17.5pt; color: rgb(197,79,227); font-family: 'Georgia','serif';">6. monitoring changes and adjusting as necessary. <span style="display: block; font-size: 14.175pt; color: rgb(197,79,227); font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; text-align: left;">**__//<span style="color: rgb(197,43,222);">My advice: They should increase the number of staff so that they can cope with difficult times and train them better to be effecient with any problems that they might face. //__** =<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: black; font-family: 'Georgia','serif';">Question 3: Find an example of a product which is ergonomically sound, and add a link to an article about this product. = <span style="display: block; font-size: 120%; color: rgb(213,0,255); text-align: left;"><span style="color: rgb(0,0,0);"> A laptop: [] =<span style="color: rgb(34,12,12);">**<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; background-color: rgb(214,172,226);">Article 3 ** = =<span style="color: rgb(26,12,28); font-family: Georgia,serif;">Question 1: Choose a country on the web site's map, and read through the description of the products designed for that country. List five characteristics of socially responsible product design. = =<span style="font-size: 80%; color: rgb(190,65,200);"> = =<span style="font-size: 80%; color: rgb(190,65,200);"><span style="color: rgb(181,77,203);">Big Boda<span style="background-color: rgb(255,245,245);"> load-carrying bicycle: <span style="font-size: 80%; color: rgb(197,109,168);"> = =<span style="font-size: 80%; color: rgb(190,65,200);">Transports goods between sellers and buyers = =<span style="font-size: 80%; color: rgb(190,65,200);">Transports huge loads (i.e. two more passengers) = =<span style="font-size: 80%; color: rgb(197,109,168);"> <span style="font-size: 80%; color: rgb(190,65,200);">Cheap = =<span style="font-size: 80%; color: rgb(190,65,200);">Helps the western kenyan Booda Booda bicycle-taxi operators. = =<span style="font-size: 80%; color: rgb(190,65,200);">Easyily manufactures in small workshops. = =<span style="font-size: 14.4pt; color: rgb(0,0,0); font-family: Arial;">**<span style="font-size: 98%; color: rgb(34,12,12); font-family: Georgia,serif; background-color: rgb(214,172,226);">Article 4 ** = <span style="font-size: 18pt; color: black; font-family: 'Georgia','serif';">Quest ion 1: Write three paragraphs on how Annie Leonard defines the system of the 'materials economy' and describe its interactions. <span style="font-size: 18pt; background: rgb(254,246,246) 0% 50%; color: black; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; background: rgb(254,246,246) 0% 50%; color: rgb(204,0,255); font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;">Annie Leonard made a video about the “material economy” system, where resources are employed in a labour process to fulfil the needs of the people. The system involves five steps; which are extraction, production, distribution, consumption and disposal. In the extraction process, resources such as trees are cut down, animals are used, etc... Those resources are used in the production process by workers of the factory to create products that are used in the distribution step as part of the exchange system between producer and consumer in return for money. Then in the consumption step people tend to consume so many of those products and finally throw them in the disposal, were wastes are dumped into landfills or burned.
 * 1) <span style="font-size: 129.6%; color: rgb(206,69,237);">Physical ergonomics deals with human anatomical, anthropometric, physiological and biomechanical characteristics as they relate to physical activity, such as working postures, repetitive movements safety and health, etc...
 * 2) <span style="font-size: 129.6%; color: rgb(206,69,237);">Cognitive ergonomics is concerned with mental processes, such as perception, memory, reasoning, and motor response, as they affect interactions among humans and other elements of a system.
 * 3) <span style="font-size: 129.6%; color: rgb(206,69,237);">Organizational ergonomics has to do with the optimization of sociotechnical systems, including their organizational structures, policies, and processes, such as work design, cooperative work, quality management, etc...
 * <span style="color: rgb(197,43,222);">Case Study 2: Hospitality and Serving Food issue: **

There are many constraints to those processes that are worsening and putting our lives in danger more and more every day. In the extraction process, we use up so many resources as we cut down trees, chop down mountains, wipe out all of the animals, and absorb a lot of water. We are running out of resources as we use up a lot of resources. In the next process, production we use up those resources and mix them with energies to mix toxic chemicals in with natural resources, so creating toxic contaminated products. So many of those toxic chemicals have not even been tested for health safety and even though we use them. The following stages are the distribution and consumption stages where people buy as many products as possible mainly due to the effect of media on us. As the media gets that idea in our mind that we need to buy things to have better lives and those things advertised are the ones that will improve our lives. Those products are always very cheap and attractive. They do this by externalizing the costs, where costs of the manufacture of products are not included in their final cost. The problem is that we continuously buy, which is something made up by the dominant groups. This done through two processes; planned obsolescence, which products are made useless in the least amount of time possible so that we consumer more, whereas perceived obsolescence is a way in which producers convince consumers to throw out things that are brand new. Finally, disposal is where many wastes get burned and so the toxic chemicals that were added in the second stage are released back into the air, but only in a more dangerous form as they have reacted with other chemicals through the process.<span style="font-size: 12pt; background: rgb(254,246,246) 0% 50%; color: rgb(204,0,255); font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <span style="color: rgb(204,0,255); font-family: 'Georgia','serif';">Annie Leonard thinks that we can improve our lives by consuming fewer resources and so we will be healthier. One way is by recycling our wastes as it reduces wastes as well as lowers the amount of resources used in the extraction process. There are also people who are trying to fix this system such as those people who protect forces, labor rights, taking back our government, etc… Annie thinks that if we unite together and try to make a better world and reduce wasting resources we can actually improve our standard of living. At the end of the day, we are the ones who create our social world and we are the ones who can also interpret it.

<span style="font-size: 80%; color: rgb(0,0,0); font-family: Arial;"><span style="background-color: rgb(214,172,226);">**<span style="font-size: 178%; color: rgb(34,12,12); font-family: Georgia,serif; background-color: rgb(214,172,226);">Article 5 **

=
<span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(197,43,222);">Bodystorming is a participatory method for demonstrating or developing ideas in a physical setting. The processis designed to show how the relationships between people, locations, and things affect ideas in a way different than what is believed in theory. It enables rapid exchange of ideas and relationships through a dynamicprocess of acting and evaluating. The process reveals how people interact with services, products and each other on a physical, emotional, and instictive level. It is a very good method as it builds and tests new ideas to ensure that they are valid. ====== <span style="color: rgb(197,43,222);"><span style="font-size: 132%; color: rgb(22,14,14); font-family: Georgia,serif;">**Question 2 : Describe the information revealed to the researchers in the three different case studies for one paragraph each**. <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(197,43,222);">__Disability #1: blindness- visual impairment:__ The participant was wearing a blindfolding cloth to ensure that she has the same limitations as a blind person. As the participant walks she had to use the stick to feel everything comming ahead of her. She had to use and highly depend on her other senses to be able to walk, as when she was climbing up the stairs she had to count the number of steps on the stairs so that she would know how to act as she goes up the stairs. The most useful senses to her were her ears and her hands, she touched and listened to everything around her to help do what she wanted.

__Disability #2: Cognitive - attention deficit disorder (ADD):__ In this task, the participant was asked to recite a certain telephone number as he solves math problems. This was very confusing as math problems involved numbers also so thinking about a problem and remembering the number was very hard. The participant was trying very hard and getting frustrated but he started getting the phone number totally wrong as numbers of the mathematical problems were mixed with the phone numbers. __<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(197,43,222);">Disability # 3: Motor- Chronic Arthritis: __ <span style="display: block; font-size: 120%; color: rgb(197,43,222); text-align: left;">The participant fastened his hands and wrists to decreade movement as much as possible, gloves were put as well to give a feeling of chronic arthritis. He was given a task of chopping a cucumber, the participant was very scared of injury, as he didnt have full control of the knife. As the particpant continued with the chopping his body temerature was increasing greatly leading to anxiety. He was also dealing with safe things so that the participant would be less fearful. <span style="color: rgb(234,67,189);"><span style="font-size: 112%; color: rgb(34,12,12); font-family: Georgia,serif; background-color: rgb(214,172,226);">

<span style="font-size: 112%; color: rgb(34,12,12); font-family: Georgia,serif; background-color: rgb(214,172,226);">
=<span style="font-size: 112%; color: rgb(34,12,12); font-family: Georgia,serif; background-color: rgb(214,172,226);">**<span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Georgia,serif; background-color: rgb(214,172,226);">Article 6 ** =

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">** Question 1: What are his definitions for these three stages of adoption, and how did he apply them to his case study of a camera? Write one clear paragraph for each of his definitions, listing their attributes in relation to the development of the camera. Can you think of another consumer product which has undergone similar developments? Name it. **

=
<span style="font-size: 108.9%; color: rgb(197,43,222);">The first step is enthusiast stage, where users love and appreciate technology in an aesthetic way. Even the difficulty in using that technology does not stop them but instead it adds the fun, it gives them a feeling of challenge that they want to know how this works and what is so special about it that provides it with such features. In this case, the 35 meters camera which was used by the austranauts in the 50's was very hard to use but still those enthusiastic users were very intrested to know how it works. An enthusiast user will want the product to say "exploit me look at my capabilities". ======

=
<span style="font-size: 108.9%; color: rgb(197,43,222);">The next stage is called the professional stage, where the technology is developed to help the people in their jobs. This is when the enthusiastic users think that a technology would help them in their job and so they come up with a new way of how they improve an aspct of their job using it. In this case, the camera becomes more developed as the professional improve it in a way that can help them and so it does things digitally instead of manually. It can be conrolled easier and more stabilized so the professionals can use it effeciently. So now the camera if it even has a film in it, the camera will read the film very quickly and have everything set automatically for a picture to be captured. The professional user will want the product to say "look at the productivity I can give you, here is how I will change your activities". ======

=
<span style="font-size: 108.9%; color: rgb(197,43,222);">The final stage is the consumer technology, where the technology has developed far enough to be used by the people as means of enjoyment. In this stage the consumer user will want the product to say "look at how I fit in with your style, this is who you are if you use me and enjoy my capabilities". Everyone tends to buy a camera that they thinks is best suitable for them, where they can see it made just for them. Now when you look at the cameras you can find all different types of cameras in terms of looks, features, colors, size, control button, etc... The prices also have been a huge factor affecting the camera development as it goes through the three stages. Now there are so many cameras with different prices which is suitable for people at different income levels and so it became so popular as very few people do not have cameras but the vast majority of the people have a camera or even more. ======

<span style="font-size: 108.9%; color: rgb(189,66,164);">
=<span style="font-size: 112%; color: rgb(34,12,12); font-family: Georgia,serif; background-color: rgb(214,172,226);">**<span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Georgia,serif; background-color: rgb(214,172,226);">Article 7 ** =

<span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Georgia,serif;">**Question 1: Write a description of interaction architecture as defined by Mat Hunter**

<span style="color: rgb(190,65,200);">According to Mat Hunter, the interaction architecture is a set of rules that allows all cameras to be designed. He created along with his colleagues a user experience protoype which is used to communicate the end results of the work. The user experience prototype was a big box with a security camera stuck to it on the back which was used to capture pictures, delete them and even send them across the room to a television. It was really good as it expressed what was going on and how it felt. Kodak used this protoype and developed it into a DC210 whcih was one of the most selling cameras at its time.
 * Question 2: Write a description of interaction architecture as defined by Rikako Sakai in relation to her work with Kodak in 1995.**

<span style="color: rgb(190,65,200);">Sakai developed version three after testing version one and two, where issues were in their structure as it was not visible to many users as well as there were too many steps to stitch. Photostitch is used to match pictures together, i.e. I can take the left side of a one picture and add it to the right side of a different picture, The biggest change that Sakai has done was the use of tab user interface instead of step-by-step. She also used animation as it was not that popular, but after the addition of animation it became highlu used.


 * <span style="color: rgb(0,0,0);">Question 3: How does the author define 'leading questions' and 'hypothetical questions'? Write a paragraph each to define these terms. **

Leading questions are a list of closed format questions that force a certain answer. The choices of such questions must cover all the reponses that are expected as well as be equally distributed throughout the range. These questions involves choices such as totally agree, partially agree. neither agree or disagree, partially disagree, totally disagree. Those choices include all the responses that any person can give as well as they are all equally distributed throughout the range. A bad example of these questions, would be a question with an answer of yes/no as each of them covers a huge amount of responses so it limits people with a right or wrong answer, does not get accurate information as many people might agree or not or even partially agree or partially disagree.

Hypothetical questions are questions that depend on assumptions at best and at worst on fantasy. They involve open format questions that the applicant has never thought of before. The advantage is that new ideas can be introduced and can also be explained of how it will help the interviewee. However, they do not provode accurate and valid results as so many people might not even have enough information but just saying anything to give an answer, therefore itis very misleading.

=<span style="font-size: 112%; color: rgb(34,12,12); font-family: Georgia,serif; background-color: rgb(214,172,226);">**<span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Georgia,serif; background-color: rgb(214,172,226);">Article 8 ** =

<span style="font-size: 110%; color: rgb(190,65,200); font-family: Georgia,serif;">**<span style="font-size: 110%; color: rgb(0,0,0); font-family: Arial;">Question 1: In three paragraphs, describe the role of Jan Chipchase in defining the role of cellphones in the developing world for Nokia, and the benefits of analyzing cellphone use and design in different cultures as part of their market expansion. **

Chipcase worked as a human behavior researcher or as reffered to him a user anthropoligist, where he collects information about what people want by being included within their lives and know how they live, their lifestyle, and all the other factors that affect their lives. Then, the company uses this information to make the new Nokia phone. Therefore, Chipcase reverses the design phase in the creation of the product, as he first knows what people want and accordingly the product is made instead of having the phone made and see how people would react to it.

There are many advantages to the use of cellphones to people all around the world, as it was proven that with the use of cellphone the business profit increase as well as the consumer prices decrease, which is a win-win case to both the producers and consumers. This increase of productivity and decrease in consumer prices mostly take place due to the advantage of people's ability to reach out to one another, which makes life easier and increases effeciency of any business. An example was given in the article where a servant used a cellphone to upgrade her work, as people were able to reach her easier and so more places to work and so higher productivity. No matter how big or small the business is, the presence of cellphones will always improve it. Chipcase is trying to make the cellphones feasible for all the people and intoduce cellphones according to their needs.

People use cellphones in different ways, as people have different backgrounds, and ways of livings than each other. For example, the family that Chipcase has visited in Mumbai, they had only one cellphone that the father had and if he wanted to communicate with the rest of the family the closest phone was 15 yards from the house. Whereas, somewhere like here we can not survive without a cellphone. Most of the families in north america have cellphones for each member of the family or at least one or two cellphones per house.If I ever forget my cellphone at home, everything just seems so hard for me to do as here we depend completely on our cellphones. Jan Chipcase is trying to make cellphones that fit each culture so as to reach all those people who do not have cellphones and see how he can meet their needs in the best possible way. In the previous example provided above of the family living in Mumbai, Jan Chipcase was trying to investigate every aspect of the family's style of living in order to know exactly what is the most suitbale features required in a cellphone to meet the needs of such family. Describe how he defines 'design as a collaborative process', and cite two examples of how creators involve the people they want to create for in their work, according to Bill Moggridge's lecture.**
 * <span style="font-size: 140%; color: #000000; font-family: Georgia, serif; background-color: #c52bde;"> Article 9:

<span style="color: #c52bde; font-family: Georgia, serif;">William (Bill) Moggridge is the co-founder of the Silicon Valley-based design firm IDEO.He helped create the first laptop, the GRiD Compass. According to Moggridge, collaboration is the best thing in the designing stage of a product. He argued that it has three stages; the new ways of designing practices, the involvment of people that we design for, and the changes in context that we design around.

In the first stage, Moggridge talks about how the human factor became a very important thing in designing a product. In order to create a good product, the designers must know what people want. They must focus on what will fit the people's way of living, what will make people's lives better and what will improve the standard of living of the society. For example, when designers make a sun glass they must know what will fulfill people's wants. Therefore, they must know information such as the size of the people's heads, the distance between the people's ears and noses. This information will help the designers produce a sunglass that will fit perfectly with people's requirements and the product will be highly successful. With the innovation of technology our lives has become a lot more easier but complicated, as we are at a point where a new technology is created all the time. Therefore, designers must create something that will fit in this new technology culture. But, first in order to reach such a result there must be designers who are willing to come together and come up with ideas with each other. A project room would help grow this relation greatly as it a small room where people can just brainstorm their ideas, write them down and the next time they come back they can complete where they left the last time.

The second stage is the involvement of the customers that use the designed product, which has a great effect on the design of the product. When designers create something from their point of view they tend to be taking their aspect of the product or what they think the customers would like. Therefore, involving customers in this process would make the design good for many people with different styles of living. When customers are that close to the products that are made for them, the design of the product becomes more effecient as they know exactly what they want.

Finally, the last stage involves the changes in context that we design around. Design in this stage is divided into three parts; personal, social, and environment. The first phase involves the design which is made for an indivdual, such as the ipod, which has so many features but is made to be used by only the person that it belongs to. The second phase, focuses more about health factors which goes beyond the individual level. Finally, the environment stage focuses more on the social impacts when a product is designed. This phase invloves a deeper level which is the global effect and not only social. []


 * Find an online example of a product which utilizes his principles of collaborative design, add its URL, and describe its design in three sentences.**

The 320-slice Dynamic Volume CT system, which is a system that captures complete images of the brain or the brain in one rotation. It is created by a company called Toshiba, which is originally formed by the shared effort of Tanaka Seizo-sho and Hisashige Tanaka. This product will make the diagnosis of the patient faster. Therefore, less likely to discover any health issues at a late stage and treatment will take place faster since the diagnosis is given right away. [] <span style="font-size: 140%; font-family: Georgia, serif; background-color: #d6ace2;">Article 10 <span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">**Question 1: write a short, one paragraph synopsis for each of your three favourite product designs.** We come up with new design practices from our everyday life experiences. Biomicry is a type of science that deals with nature. In relation to this topic, Biomicry is the way creators of products depend on nature in their designing process. There are many example, such as an ultrcrane, Japan's fastest train, the furniture made from bone, etc... The ecoloctation represents a technology created by a company in england called Sound Foresight that aimed to make it easier and safer for visual-imapired people to walk without any need for help. The company added a sensor-like technology to the cane that would sense any object around the person walking with it. This happens by the continous sound waves that are sent from the cane. If anything is sensed, a warning would be sent to the person using the cane through the handle. This technology is made mainly to avoid collisions or any difficulty that a vision-impaired person would face.

The Japan's 500 Series Shinkansen bullet train was designed in a way that it would have the quittest and least amount of pressure when it approaches an open air area. Designers made small serrations that are similar to those of an owl. Sine owls are the quittest species of birds, the train goes on very high speeds but with wiyhout causing any high sounds. Designers also used the idea of a kingfisher's beak bird to make the nose cone of the train, which allows it to move at high speed with the smallest amount of resistance when moving into an open air area. An artist called Joris Laarman created a few furniture products that are made of a structure that is similar to that of a human bone. Even though the furniture was empty from the inside, the furniture was very strong and can hold anything. <span style="font-size: 130%; font-family: Georgia, serif; background-color: #d6ace2;">Article 11
 * Question 1: How would you describe web accessibility?**

<span style="color: #c52bde; font-family: Georgia, serif;">People who have disability problems are very limited when it comes to internet. Now, internet has become one of the main things in one's everyday life. Web accessibility makes it more feasible and easier for disabeled people to overcome those difficulties. Web accessibility is a term that includes mehods of improving the internet in a way that would benefit disbaled people.
 * Question 2: Who do you think benefits from accessible websites and how?**

<span style="color: #c52bde; font-family: Georgia, serif;">Accessible websites benefits peeople who have a disbaility in some way or another, such as a difficulty in seeing, hearing, motor and cognitive. Those websites can help a visually impaired people by reading out loud for them. For example, a website of a newspaper can read out the title of the flash news first and the one that the disabeled person would be interested in they would repeat the title or say "YES", as in read out this article, and so the website reads the article out loud. They can help the people who have hearing problems by having everything clear and easy to read on the screen. For people with motor disabilities, also reading out loud would be the best method as to decrease the burden of having to try to hold the mouse or even writting on the keyboard. Finally, for those with cognitive problems websites must be very clear and must explain everything in a very simple way to make it easy for understanding. Moreover, the information must be repeated all the time, for example if new terms are used everytime they are used again their definition must be provided over and over.
 * Question 3: Do you think your website/blog should be accessible? Should all Canadian websites?**

<span style="color: #c52bde; font-family: Georgia, serif;">Yes, I would like to fill in the gap of the needs of the the "ignored" audience. I want to make it easier for them to access whatever they want and I will also try to make the website more interesting for them and include topics that would interest them most. The existence of accessible wesbites helps disabled people be dependable and not wait for someone to do anything for them concerning the web. I also think Canadian websites must all have them. They can try to target all the audience including the disabled so whoever wants help using the website can use it as well as others who don't can also access it. This helps the wesbites target a bigger audience, as well as be fair to all people. As this way disabeled people would not be limited to a certain amount of websites but all of them. This will also make the wesbites more popular and so more profit for them.
 * Question 4: What do you think is the biggest challenge of making a website accessible?**

<span style="color: #d500ff; font-family: Georgia, serif;">The biggest challenge is the fact that there are many ways a person can be disabled by and creating a website that would fit all those audience in general is quite challenging. It must involve all the disabled people as they all have the right to access it. I think also the cost factor would be a lot more expensive than a nomal website. However, I totally agree that any website should be made accessible to all audience.