Alicia+Triantafilou


 * Case Study Questions **[[image:3218341590_69b44024e0.jpg width="784" height="119"]]

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= **__Tutorial 10 __** =

**Tutorial Question:** **Q:** ** //CCT333 Week 10 Biomimicry: Janine Benyus and the Biomimicry Institute and Guild // **  //**Janine Benyus heads both the research nonprofit Biomimicry Institute and the for-profit innovation consultancy, the Biomimicry Guild, and her mission is to show engineers and designers how to translate those ideas into a corporate, commercial context. She is the author of 'Biomimicry: Innovation Inspired by Nature', published in 1997, which discusses how to re-design our interaction with nature by showing deep respect for the natural world as a mentor for our design strategies. ** Janine Benyus' TED Talk 12 Sustainable Design Ideas from Nature // [|//http://www.ted.com/index.php/talks/janine_benyus_shares_nature_s_designs.html//] ** **A:** Janine Benyus is a “biologist-come-evangelist” that tackled the issue of revolutionized efficient technology that has delivered “a lesson on the importance of living in harmony with nature ”. In essence, she describes the idea of “Biomimicry” as an ideal that “acquires people”. Bebyeus expresses how this innovation has changed businesses and their strategies in becoming more interactive for the environment. For instance, Benyes states that consumers are questioning where certain products are coming from and that this is “encouraging companies to look further up” the production chain to “find exactly where products come from and assess their environmental impact”. Furthermore, this synopsis will emphasize on three product designs, which includes the “Avian Elements (High Speed train)”, the “Echolocation (Sonar-Enabled Cane), as well as the “Stench the Bleeding (Self Healing Pipelines)” design. These three different examples emphasize on technological innovation that is inspired by nature. The first “green design” is the Avian elements which essentially is a bullet train that goes 200 mph. In order to achieve these great speeds, the designers and engineers had to reduce noise by creating “small serrations” that were “similar to those on owl feathers”. This idea enabled for noise reduction within the trains pantaram. The biomimetic design was seen within the improvement of the train’s beak that resembled the “kingfisher’s beak”. This eventually allowed for the train the mimic the bird as it were diving from air to water “in minimal amount of resistance” As the train the passes through the tunnel, the aerodynamic design allows for a significant amount of sonic boom as well as reduction in noise pollution. The second invention that created an optimistic view for “Bioimectricry” was the design of the “Echolocation”. This particular invention was established in Barnsley England that was founded by a small company called “Sound Foresight” that designed the “UltraCane” (Echolation). This device was a cane that had sonar technology which allowed for the person holding it to sense incoming objects and providing “bat navigation”. Essentially, this cane revolutionized a way of seeing for the vision-impaired individuals. The last product that will be looked upon is the “Self Healing Pipelines”, also known as the “Platelet Technology”. This invention was created in Scotland its main function is to seal leaks and cracks from escaping the pipeline. These “self healing piples” have a “radioscope that marks leaks location” and this eventually helps the engineer to pin point the section of the pipe that needs the reinforcements. The reason why this is so significant to “Biomimicry” is that it stops from polluted fragments going into atmosphere. **// http://images.businessweek.com/ss/08/02/0209_green_biomimic/index_01.htm //**
 * //Read the article 'Using Nature as a Design Guide' at // [|//http://www.businessweek.com/innovate/content/feb2008/id20080211_074559.htm?campaign_id=rss_innovate//]  //<span style="background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);">about Janine Benyus, creator of the burgeoning "biomimicry" movement. // **<span style="background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);">
 * <span style="background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);">Look over examples of her biomimetic principles applied to products in the slideshow located at <span style="background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);">[] <span style="background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);"> and write a short, one paragraph synopsis for each of your three favourite product designs. **//<span style="background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);">
 * //<span style="background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);">More Information:

= **__<span style="color: rgb(16, 36, 15);">Tutorial 9 __** =

**Tutorial Question:** <span style="color: rgb(255,0,17); font-family: Arial;">**Q:** //**<span style="background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);">Design as a Collaborative Process **<span style="background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);"> <span style="background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);"> //**<span style="background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);">Describe how he defines 'design as a collaborative process', and cite two examples of how creators involve the people they want to create for in their work, according to Bill Moggridge's lecture. **<span style="background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);">
 * <span style="background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);">View the video of Bill Moggridge **<span style="background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);">. **<span style="background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);">The founder of IDEO, at PICNIC08: Design as a Collaborative Process at **//<span style="background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);"> <span style="background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial;"><span style="background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);">[|**//http://vimeo.com/2814939//**]
 * <span style="background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);">Find an online example of a product which utilizes his principles of collaborative design, add its URL, and describe its design in three sentences. **<span style="background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);">
 * <span style="background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);">(Hint: Bruce Mau's Massive Change web site also presents examples of these principles of using 'a shared mind'.) **//

<span style="color: rgb(0,128,0); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**A:** In the video by Bill Moggridge, he defines “design as a collaborative process” under three overriding principles: the way these practices in design are changing, the interaction with the people they are designing for, and the changes in the context they design around. These include digital interactions (cognitive psychology), physical behaviours (physiology), and physical objects (anthropometrics). These factors can be binded by the theme of togetherness and how these factors all interrelate to one another in the design process. Moggridge insists that before, design simply focused on the physicality of the design part, whereas modern design takes into account human-interaction as a key component to the “collaborative process”, and carries this process through story-telling scenarios. This new approach to “designing how people think and how the brain works” is an essential factor to the ever-changing personal, social, and environmental contexts. By this, Moggridge explains that in order for “collaborative design” to take place, cultural difference (such as people with various design and engineering disciplines, and business factors, marketing, etc.), and sociology of how people are connected together must come together in their differences to form a “shared mind”. This can be seen in examples such as the prototype of the ergonomic cubicle created for united media (the creator of Dilbert cartoons). This smart space design is a response to a social context, where designers created a spatially economic cubicle that encompasses fundamental elements. The cubicle includes fully customizable cubes, used for storage or miscellaneous items, like a punching bag (no doubt a stress-reliever), an aquarium, to even a hammock. These are all features which add a sense of “humanness” to the otherwise mundane office space.

Another example deals with the blood donor clinics for the American Red Cross. At the beginning, clinics seems messy, disorganized, and dirty, but most importantly lacked a human-touch to such personal deed. As a result, the design team proposed that donors would write a memo of why they gave blood, which would be posted with their image on a wall featuring all the donors at that particular clinic. This gives a more personal touch by giving the donor a change to be recognized for their contributions, as well as influencing others who are considering to donate and enables them the change to see the end result. These examples of how the incorporation of a humanizing element within design proves how the collaborative process is successful one.

= **__<span style="color: rgb(16, 36, 15);">Tutorial 8 __** =

**Tutorial Question:** <span style="color: rgb(255,0,17); font-family: Arial;">**Q:** **//<span style="background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);">Human-Centred Design Case Study of Cellphones in Developing Countries

Read the online article 'Can the Cellphone end Global Poverty?' at //**<span style="background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);"> <span style="background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);">[|**//http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/13/magazine/13anthropology-t.html?_r=1&emc=eta1&pagewanted=all//**] <span style="background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);"> <span style="color: rgb(0,128,0); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**A:** Jan Chipchase is a “human behaviour researcher”, a “user anthropologist”, and ultimately, a “listener” that travels around the world, studying human behaviour and discovering how technology, particularly the cell phone, is used everyday. A representative of Nokia, Jan’s role is to gain as much information as possible about Nokia’s cliental-base by stepping in the shoes of their consumers while documenting information via camera and relaying this back to the company in Finland. Jan’s insight provides useful information to various designers and technologists of Nokia. These benefits of analyzing cellphone use and design in different cultures as part of their market expansion helps the company modify the cellphone to each individual user’s needs. Jan notes that cellphones are becoming a vehicle of our identity, whether it be inside a Missouri woman’s bag, along with all her other contents, <span style="color: rgb(0,0,0);"> a Vietnamese barbershop, to adult advertisements seen in São Paulo, Brazil. In one example, Jan travels to Mumbai, India during monsoon season, where he resides within a one-room home of a shoe salesman and his family. There, he asked questions to gain more insight to their lifestyle, such as what they ate, the money they earned, where they got their water and power for their house and most importantly, who they kept in touch with (relating to cellphone use). Though the family had lived in Dharavi, one of the slums in Mumbai, it intrigued Jan that they nevertheless owned a cellphone. With a net earning of $88 per month, the father owned a cellphone so that he “could run errands more efficiently for his boss at the shoe shop”. In addition, the father also keeps in touch with his wife by calling her from a nearby booth from their home. Jan also noted that the father had carried his cellphone within a plastic bag, to protect it from torrential downpours, which sometimes resulted in flash floods within their home. This brought Jan to the idea of a “hook” that would hoist the cellphone on the wall when flood levels would rise, which evidently protects the “expensive” phone from water damage. Through Jan’s careful observation and implementation of human-centred design, this simple addition could vastly affect the use of the mobile and improves the lives of the users – encouraging more people to purchase Nokia’s mobile over other competing companies.
 * //<span style="background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);">very carefully. //**<span style="background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);">
 * //<span style="background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);">In three paragraphs, describe the role of Jan Chipchase in defining the role of cellphones in the developing world for Nokia, and the benefits of analyzing cellphone use and design in different cultures as part of their market expansion. // **

In an economic study conducted by the World Resources Institute, this study aimed at looking at the other “four billion” poor people who are the “next” consumers. They found that even the poorest of families spent money in I.C.Ts (information communication technology), which a significant portion goes towards the purchase of cellphones and prepaid calling cards. Additionally as income increased, people would invest in I.C.Ts even more so than health care, education, and so on. This is due to the versatility of the cellphone, as it could be used in situations such as a Ugandan mother who needs to carry a child with malaria to the doctor and needs to know if the doctor is at his office or to an Indian fisherman who uses it to get the daily forecast. This is was Jan quotes as a “just in time” moment where mobiles could greatly impact the lives of people living in 3rd world countries for the better. As a result, the belief of cellphone use in these poorer areas is to encourage “inclusive capitalism”, where individuals are able to act as independent entrepreneurs (such as the case of the Indian fisherman who’s use enables him more resources to feed, clothe, and educate his family), rather than receiving highly-filtered international aid. This is one of the main benefits, if not goals, through the observation of 3rd party researchers, such as Jan Chipchase, that retroactively benefits the user while expanding the company’s market.

<span style="font-size: 14pt; color: rgb(3,3,3); font-family: Arial;"> = **__<span style="color: rgb(16, 36, 15);">Tutorial 7 __** =

**Tutorial Question:** <span style="color: rgb(255,0,17); font-family: Arial;">**Q:** //**<span style="background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);">Write a description of interaction architecture as defined by Mat Hunter at **//<span style="background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);"> <span style="background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214); background-position: initial initial;">[|**//http://www.designinginteractions.com/interviews/MatHunter//**] <span style="background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);"> **//<span style="background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);">and Rikako //**<span style="background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);"> **//<span style="background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);">Sakai //**<span style="background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);"> **//<span style="background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);">at //**<span style="background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);"> <span style="background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214); background-position: initial initial;">[|**//http://www.designinginteractions.com/interviews/RikakoSakai//**] <span style="background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);"> //**<span style="background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);">in relation to their work with Kodak in 1995. **<span style="background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);">
 * <span style="background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);">In addition, as you will be creating a questionnaire for your major assignment, read the article at **//<span style="background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);"> <span style="background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214); background-position: initial initial;">[|**//http://www.cc.gatech.edu/classes/cs6751_97_winter/Topics/quest-design///**] <span style="background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);"> //**<span style="background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);">to help you formulate the question. **//<span style="background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);"> ** //<span style="background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);">How does the author define 'leading questions' and 'hypothetical questions'? Write a paragraph each to define these terms. // **

<span style="color: rgb(0,128,0); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**A:** <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(0,0,0); font-family: Arial;">Mat Hunter defines “interaction architecture” as an extensible set of rules that would allow multiple cameras to review images, share them with others, delete, print, and email pictures. With the major development of digital photography in 1995 by Kodak, Hunter helped devise a “user-experience prototype”, in which consisted of a digital camera model with a security camera where users could take pictures, delete them, and send them across the room to a television. This early prototype of the digital camera resulted in the development of Kodak’s DC210 – one of the best selling cameras of the time, and essentially, enhanced the social enterprise of sharing ideas with each other. <span style="color: rgb(0,0,0);">As for Rikako Sakai and Kenji Hatori‘s involvement with the redevelopment of Kodak’s digital camera, they developed the 3rd version of the “Photostitch” software, which gave the user more control over the camera’s interface. They created the “stick assist mode” for cameras which instead of following a set of step-by-step sequential directions, the user instead has a row of tabs and actions which “clean-up” the clutter and the amount of steps. For new users who are unaware of how to use the simplified version, a set of animations help guide the user through the process of using the tabs. The user can now adjust the current camera position to the remained image that was taken before, and due to their “transparency”, can merge the images together with greater effectiveness and ease. <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(0,0,0); font-family: Arial;"> In the article for creating a questionnaire, author defines two types of questions, leading questions and hypothetical questions. __<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(0,0,0); font-family: Arial;">Leading Questions: __ <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(0,0,0); font-family: Arial;">Leading questions are questions that direct or guide the participant to a type of response. This type of question must give a variety of responses to choose from, but also must be distributed equally throughout each question (for example, yes/no responses as opposed to totally agree, partially agree, neither agree or disagree, partially disagree, totally disagree). __<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(0,0,0); font-family: Arial;">Hypothetical Questions: __ <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(0,0,0); font-family: Arial;">Hypothetical questions are questions based on assumptions or deal with unreal situations. These types of questions compel the respondent to consider the question more thoroughly through deep thought. Often random, these questions do not create clear and consistent information representing a real opinion and are a downfall to questionnaires.

<span style="font-size: 14pt; color: rgb(3,3,3); font-family: Arial;"> = **__<span style="color: rgb(16, 36, 15);">Tutorial 6 __** =

<span style="color: rgb(255,0,17); font-family: Arial;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(255,0,17); font-family: Arial;">**Q:** **//<span style="background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);">Three Phases for the Adoption of a Technology
 * Tutorial Question:**

In the interview with David Liddle at [|**//http://www.designinginteractions.com/interviews/DavidLiddle//**], he defines three stages for the adoption of a new technology. What are his definitions for these three stages of adoption, and how did he apply them to his case study of a camera? Write one clear paragraph for each of his definitions, listing their attributes in relation to the development of the camera. Can you think of another consumer product which has undergone similar developments? Name it. //**

<span style="color: rgb(0,128,0); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**A:** <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(0,0,0); font-family: Arial;">David Liddle points out three concepts in describing the adoption “of a new technology”. The first concept is the “enthusiast stage”, which is primarily based on “when technology is first exploited”. The second state is the “professional stage”. This is basically revolved around using technology to “help people work” (Liddle). Lastly, there is the “consumer phase”, which is when technology is “developed far enough for people to enjoy at an accessible price” (Liddle). Primarily these three stages will be explained in the following paragraphs.

The “enthusiast stage” is based on the idea that the love of technology and exploitation of technology. Liddle suggests that “exploiting technology” is based on the difficulty of the technology and that in essence, it makes it fun. Liddle uses the example of a 35-millimeter camera that was creating in the 1950’s (Liddle). This is a perfect example of the “enthusiastic stage” since this camera was not user friendly and could only be operated by experts in the field. <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(0,0,0); font-family: Arial; text-align: left;">Once the enthusiasts have certain claim over one technology, then this new innovation will eventually be transferred to the “professional stage” (Liddle). Liddle explains “professional stage” within the 35-millimeter camera. Once you have a big volume of something, it becomes more accessible. As for the 35-millimeter camera, it was an expensive piece of technology. Only professionals could use this piece of technology since it was stabilized (Liddle). Liddle explains “stabilization” within the controls of the camera (Liddle). The controls were not user friendly, and every button had a manual setting that could only be understood by those who were specialized in that field of camera technology. <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(0,0,0); font-family: Arial;">After the “professional stage” comes the last stage, the “consumer stage”, which had a direct approach to consumer, demands. As technology become cheaper and becomes quantified in demand it becomes the eye for consumers. LIddle expresses that the “consumer stage” was oriented on fitting on molding to individual’s needs and lifestyles. In terms of the 35-millimeter camera it became revolutionized from switching from classical shutter-cameras to digital, user-friendly cameras.

The 35-millemiter camera was not the only the piece of technology that revolutionized the three stages that Liddle mentioned. Also another example is mp3 players and how it derived from the concept vinyls to the stereo sound system, eventually leading to the Walkman, Discman, and finally, the mp3 player. <span style="font-size: 10pt; background: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;">[]

<span style="font-size: 14pt; color: rgb(3,3,3); font-family: Arial;"> = **__<span style="color: rgb(16, 36, 15);">Tutorial 5 __** =

<span style="color: rgb(255,0,17); font-family: Arial;">**Q:** **//<span style="background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);">As part of 'Experience Prototyping', Bodystorming has been developed as a method of enquiry for interactive design. Research the definition of 'Bodystorming', and write a paragraph describing its characteristics. After viewing the video 'Part 1: Bodystorming Experiencing a Disability' at <span style="background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial;"><span style="background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);">[] <span style="background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);"> describe the information revealed to the researchers in the three different case studies for one paragraph each. You should have a total of four paragraphs for this tutorial. //** <span style="color: rgb(0,128,0); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**A:** <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(0,0,0); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">** Bodystorming is a hands-on, user-centred, contextually-aware design in which designers experiment with various design methods directly on location. By practicing experiments on-site (the site in need of re-designing), this enables designers to pose questions, gain immediate feedback, and ultimately attain a greater understanding of the surroundings of their new design. Designers take into account “specific physical, social, interactional, and psychological” factors that enable a “seamless” final design, meaning that the user and the object or technology that is being redesigned enhances the quality of life without interference. Essentially, this means the redesign process and implementation is human-centred and above all, interaction with this design feels “natural” ( **Oulasvirta et.al, p.1** ). ** ** <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(0,0,0); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Upon viewing the video titled “Part 1: Bodystorming - Experiencing a Disability”, a variety of case studies were conducted to get a better understanding of the surroundings and daily functions of those with disabilities. This is an important step in the re-design process that essentially encompasses user-friendly design. ****<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(0,0,0); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The first experiment deals with those who have visual impairment or, blindness. To simulate visual impairment, the user was blindfolded and carried a guide-stick as an anchoring device that physically outlines the surface of objects to prevent hazards and aid in direction. The user felt “disoriented and dependent” on her use of physical aids including the use of other senses, such as sense of touch, smell and auditory. The participant also counted the number of steps taken in order to reach their desired destination, forming a “mental map” for future reference in instances such as crossing the street, climbing up a set of steps, unlocking a door, and pressing the buttons on an elevator. ** <span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(0,0,0); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(0,0,0); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
 * Tutorial Question:**
 * <span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(0,0,0); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">In the next experiment, the participant took on the task of those with Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD). The user’s mission was to correctly reset a telephone number while solving math problems on a digital device. This idea of multitasking lead the user to experience difficulty in doing tasks let alone a build up of frustration which negatively impacted their self-esteem in completing the task. As a result of this experiment, redevelopment should present the user with enjoyable yet challenging exercises for the user to improve attention and focus while performing tasks. **
 * <span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(0,0,0); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Lastly in the third experiment, the user simulates those suffering from chronic arthritis. In this re-enactment, the participant attached pens to their fingers, which were secured with masking tape to decrease mobility. The user was then given a list of daily tasks, such as taking objects in and out of a cupboard, chopping up food. This lead to a fear of injury, a feeling of panic, as well as an over-expenditure of energy, which resulted to heightened body temperatures and anxiety. Final conclusions from the experiment were that more accessible routes and safely-secured objects (such as plastic containers) should be implemented, as well as proposing that a speech recognition system be further researched as an aid to everyday tasks. **

<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(0,0,0); font-family: Arial;">Oulasvirta, Antti, Esko Kurvinen and Tomi Kankainen. "Understanding contexts by being there:." __Springer-Verlag London Limited__ Volume 7, Number 207 02 2002 1. 19 Mar 2009 [|http://www.springerlink.com/content/pey2cqvu4kwy3hae/fulltext.pdf?page] =1.

= **__<span style="color: rgb(16, 36, 15);">Tutorial 4 __** =

<span style="color: rgb(3,3,3); font-family: Arial;">**Tutorial Question:** <span style="color: rgb(3,3,3);"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">**<span style="background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);">Q: **<span style="background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);"> ** //<span style="background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);">"Story of Stuff" // ** <span style="background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);"> **//<span style="background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);">'The Story of Stuff' with Annie Leonard at //**<span style="background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);"> <span style="background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);">[|**//http://www.storyofstuff.com/index.html//**] <span style="background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);"> //**<span style="background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);">is a cultural and educational phenomenon and has had over 4 million viewers. **//<span style="background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);"> ** //<span style="background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);">Write three paragraphs on how Annie Leonard defines the system of the 'materials economy' and describe its interactions. // **<span style="background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);">

<span style="color: rgb(0,128,0); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**A:** Annie Leonard defines the system of the “materials economy” with a simple question: where does our stuff come from and where does it go? Leonard explains that this system of materials economy is essentially an assembly line of actions. These include (from beginning to end) extraction, production, distribution, consumption and disposal. She notes that this system is in a crisis in that due to its nature, a “linear process”, this system conflicts with the planet, which is finite indefinitely. From there, Leonard explains that there are other factors that disrupt this system, pushing certain sections to their fullest capacity, which disrupts this flow. These factors include how the system interacts with societies, cultures, the environment, and how people are often forgotten in this process. Evidently, certain people within this system have more control and power, such as the government and corporations, and with a rise in corporations, this has lead to greater influence over other people, including the government. Leonard then breaks down the various levels of the system and how they interact with one another. The first process, extraction, is what she defines as the exploitation of natural resources or in other words, “trashing the planet”. With limited natural resources and already 1/3rd of the planets none-renewable resources already gone in the past three decades, the rate of consumption is far greater than what the Earth is able to produce and fulfill this need (or rather, want). With the U.S. taking up only 5% of the Earth’s population, they are consuming 30% of the world’s resources, which evidently ends up as 30% of waste and most of all, using more than our “share”. As a result, in order to fill this void, first world nations such as the U.S. venture to other countries and try to obtain their resources, such as third world countries, and either take their goods or dump their remaining waste. This overuse of the world’s resources has lead to 75% of global fisheries being fished over capacity (for example, the over-fishing of cod and Atlantic salmon in the Maritimes in the 1970s), and 80% of the world’s forests have been demolished, such as the Amazon rain forest. Leonard explains that the people who live in these areas don’t “own” these resources because they are not buying into the means of production and thus, don’t have “value”. <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> As for production, this is the use of energy to mix toxic chemicals with natural resources and subsequently produces contaminated products. Leonard’s theory of “toxics in = toxics out”, such as the use of B.F.R.s (Brominated Flame Retardants) are used in everyday household products, from computers to pillows and affects our own internal health, such as the contamination of breast milk in mothers. With the over-consumption of natural resources, this forces people to reside to the city for work and continue a cycle of pollution both environmentally and physically and often times, these factories are moved to other countries. This leads to the next level of distribution, where the selling of these contaminated products are sold as quickly as possible. The goal is to keep prices down, keep people buying, and inventory moving. In order for this to happen, products must be sold cheap and as a result, all levels within the system pays for this, from the low wages and lack of health benefits for workers, to the loss of resources in other lands. This is called “externalizing” the true costs of production. This leads to the final point of consumption which is heavily encouraged by those in power (governments and corporations). Consumption and value go hand-in-hand in society and ever since WWII, the goal of these authorities was to ramp up the economy and projected planned obsolescence (the production of disposable products that intentionally breakdown) and perceived obsolescence (the ideal of “newer is better”, to throw away old stuff that is perfectly fine). Within this, consumerism peaked in the 1950s, as did happiness; while today’s faced paced lifestyle has left little time for leisure except for shopping. As a consequence, the average person produces 4.5 lbs. of garbage per day (twice that of 30 years ago) and is either incinerated or placed in landfills. This produces an over abundance of trash and pollutants, sometimes to the point where it is shipped to other countries, as this cycle continues today within this system of the materials economy.

<span style="font-size: 14pt; color: rgb(3,3,3); font-family: Arial;"> =**__<span style="font-size: 14pt; color: rgb(16, 36, 15); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Tutorial 3 __** = <span style="color: rgb(255,0,17); font-family: Arial;">**Q:** **//<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);">Choose a country on the web site's map, and read through the description of the products designed for that country. List five characteristics of socially responsible product design. // <span style="color: rgb(57,134,55);"> ** <span style="color: rgb(0,128,0); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**A:** Socially responsible product design needs to take into account many factors in order to function. After examining the region of Asia, some key elements include: ** 1) ** ** Providing the basic needs ** This ties into providing the basic necessities through functionality. Products must be practical and fall into the categories of everyday necessities, such as fuel for cooking. In Haiti, deforestation has dramatically reduced the quality of land and thus, other means of producing fuel are needed. In addition, CO2 produced from indoor wood stoves is also a health risk for respiratory-related issues. As a result, [|Sugarcane Charcoal] is used instead of wood and is a cleaner solution made from carbonized sugarcane remains, which is compacted and used as fuel. This limits the amount of waste and at the same time, is functional based on the environmental conditions. This method is used in places such as Haiti, Ghana; Brazil and India.   ** 3) ** ** Simplicity ** ** 4) ** ** Affordability **
 * <span style="color: rgb(3,3,3); font-family: Arial;">Tutorial Question: **<span style="color: rgb(3,3,3);">
 * Above all, fulfilling the basic human necessities, such as food, shelter, proper health care, transportation, education, and so on, is the most important factor is socially responsible design. The product must address at least one of these areas, such as the [|LifeStraw], a synthetic straw used to measure the amount of contaminants in the water. Waterborne diseases are all too common and the LifeStraw is able to detect toxins such as typhoid, cholera, dysentery, and diarrhea, as well as filtering particles less than fifteen microns. LifeStraw is an example of a product that addresses health and could limit sickness in povershed areas such as ** Ghana, Nigeria, Pakistan and Uganda.
 * 2) ** ** Functionality based on circumstances **
 * Product design is most successful when kept simple. This is especially true in areas where high-tech technology is limited - but not basic skills. The Bamboo Treadle Pumpenables farmers to have access to groundwater during dry spells and works through a combination of inexpensive raw materials, such as bamboo, two metal cylinders with pistons, two treadles, and some muscle power. The natural motion of the pump allows poor farmers to yield an adequate supply of water for their crops while the do-it-yourself nature of the design is most practical and ultimately, rewarding. This method has been used in areas such as ** Bangladesh, Nepal, India, Myanmar, Cambodia and Zambia.
 * Probably one of the biggest factors in responsible design is a product which is of relatively low cost. The [|Drip Irrigation System] was developed to address the issue of poverty while tending to the need of food production. Small scale farmers are not only able to supply their crops with a proper watering system, but also enable farmers to save money so they can expand their business in the future. These Drip Irrigation System kits are cheap and highly effective, producing 50% more than the average crop and uses 30-70% less water than the average irrigation system. Not only is this product cost efficient, but environmentally friendly and produces high-quality crops of fruit, vegetables, maize, wheat, and even cotton. Areas of use include **** India ****, **** Nepal **** , **** Zambia **** , and **** Zimbabwe **** . **
 * 5) ** ** Environmentally Friendliness **
 * Another key factor to socially responsible design is environmental friendliness. The [|Solar Aid] is a perfect example of putting Mother Nature’s natural materials to good use. Solar Aid is a solar-powered hearing-aid battery recharger that generates energy in an efficient, environmentally savvy method that is used around the world, from third world countries to first world countries. Regular batteries emit harmful toxic chemicals and once used, they are most likely tossed into a landfill. A battery recharger limits waste by reusing batteries through solar power, is safe, affordable, and efficient, being used all around the world. Hearing impairment affects 10% of the world’s population, most of which come from developing countries. This simple technology enhances the quality of life with low environmental effects. Countries that use this technology include Angola, Botswana, Canada, Dominican Republic, Ethiopia, France, Palestine, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, United States, and many more. **
 * http://other90.cooperhewitt.org/ **

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=**__<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; color: rgb(16, 36, 15);">Tutorial 2 __**= <span style="font-size: 14pt; color: rgb(3,3,3); font-family: Arial;"> <span style="color: rgb(255,0,17); font-family: Arial;">**Q:** <span style="color: rgb(3,3,3); font-family: Arial;"> **//<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);">Examples of Ergonomics, Task Analysis and Seven Case Studies //**<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);"> // <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);">o **<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);">List the three definitions of 'ergonomics'. **<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);">o **<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);">Read each of the task analyses and case studies at ** <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);">[|**http://www.ergonomics.org.au/ergonomics/case_studies.html#case6**] **<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);">. Choose one of the case studies, and add an additional recommendation to one of them in step two as 'advice'. **<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);">o **<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);">Find an example of a product which is ergonomically sound, and add a link to an article about this product. **//
 * Tutorial Question: **

1. // (Used with a pl. verb) // Design factors, as for the workplace, intended to maximize productivity by minimizing operator fatigue and discomfort: // The [|ergonomics] of the new office were felt to be optimal. //
 * A:** ** er·go·nom·ics < (ûr'ge-nom-'iks) **

1. [|Ergonomics] is the science of work. Ergonomics derives from two Greek words: // ergon //, meaning work, and // nomoi //, meaning natural laws. Combined they create a word that means the science of work and a person’s relationship to that work. In application ergonomics is a discipline focused on making products and tasks comfortable and efficient for the user. Ergonomics is sometimes defined as the science of fitting the work to the user instead of forcing the user to fit the work. However this is more a primary ergonomic principle rather than a definition.

1. An applied science concerned with [|designing] and arranging things people use so that the people and things interact most efficiently and safely —called also   // biotechnology human engineering human factors. //

[|Case Study #7] One newer example of an ergonomic product originates from the UK and Europe and is now available in North America called [|The Standard Yoropen ™ Ballpoint Pen]. Coming in a variety of colours such as blue, black, pink and purple, the Yoropen™ is ergonomically designed so that the actual ballpoint and handle are angled to limit finger strain, less direct pressure needed, and greater control. The pen is also a good alternative for those suffering from arthritis to even children. <span style="font-size: 14pt; color: rgb(3,3,3); font-family: Arial;">
 * Step Two - Additional advice: **
 * - Introduce a rotating chair that allows the driver to swivel around to their desired position. Joy stick and controls would be attached to the chair in a keyboard-like fashion for optimal maneuverability. **

=**__<span style="font-size: 14pt; color: rgb(16, 36, 15); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Tutorial 1 __**<span style="font-size: 14pt; color: rgb(3,3,3); font-family: Arial;"> = <span style="background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);">[|//**http://www.designchain.com/testprint.asp?issue=summer02&template=coverstory**//] <span style="background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);"> **<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(57,134,55); font-family: Arial;">A: **<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(57,134,55); font-family: Arial;"> Apple implemented different ways in creating an innovative change towards the business market of the iPod. The first idea that was put toward the consumer demand was providing the highest quality of sound and putting forth the finest components that are available in the market. These components included the “ planar lithium battery from Sony and the 1.8-inch Toshiba hard drive” as well as a compressing the battery and a hard rive on one single circuit board. Apple also created an agenda that would create a lower cost for the unit by using the custom system on chip witch ideally created a low risk design flaw and also a cheaper way to purchase the most affective components. The man behind this innovative design, Steve Jobs stated that apple sold 125000 units in the forth quarter of 2001. One of the biggest gains that iPod has acquired that different from different business model was a high tech product that is user friendly and at the same time using the custom work to reduce the cost value in a large volume of units.
 * Tutorial Question: **
 * <span style="color: rgb(255,0,17); font-family: Arial;">Q: **//**<span style="background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);">Inside the Apple iPod Design Triumph **//<span style="background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);">
 * //<span style="background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);">Question: Describe the unusual business model used in the iPod's fabrication as developed by Apple. // **

<span style="background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);">[|//**http://www.designmuseum.org/design/jonathan-ive**//] <span style="background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);">
 * <span style="color: rgb(255,0,17); font-family: Arial;">Q: **//**<span style="background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);">Jonathan Ive at the Design Museum **//<span style="background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);">
 * //<span style="background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);">Question: What distinguishes the work of the team of Jobs and Ive in relation to products designed by Apple? What new materials are enabling different design? // **
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(57,134,55); font-family: Arial;">A: **** Steve Jobs the cofounder of Apple strived to create new innovative designs that would steer in a new direction then any different companies. Jobs and Ive created the iMac which introduced colour and light to the new era of computing and eliminating the competition that provided the plastic and the dull looks of computers. Ive and Jobs strictly had a verge to orient there ideas around the specific parts of the computer. For instance the iMac easily described the verge of detail on the handle. Ive easily explains that the primary function is making the product more mobile and at the same time giving a more accessible connection with the user. In retrospect the user or the consumer in that case can easily understand the physical nature of the handle. Even though the handle may be a new foreseen idea looking at computers Ive still looked further in the spectrum for an enhanced design in the Power Mac G4 cube. The G4 shows simplicity in a single piece of plastic and this project required removal of unnecessary parts. Since design and new technologies are emerging there is a lot of room for creating new architectural designs. For instance the use of polymer can create “composites to meet very specific functional goals and requirements” and “molding different plastics together or co-molding plastic to metal give us a range of functional and formal opportunities that really didn’t exist before.” **

An in-depth look at the man behind Apple's design magic //<span style="background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);"> <span style="background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);">[|//**http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/06_39/b4002414.htm**//] <span style="background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);">
 * <span style="color: rgb(255,0,17); font-family: Arial;">Q: **//**<span style="background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);">Who Is Jonathan Ive? **<span style="background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);">
 * //<span style="background-color: rgb(224, 245, 214);">Question: Describe the importance of Apple's design team. Are other companies trying to compete with Apple by creating their own design teams? // **

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