Jaudat+Shah

__WEEK 1__
The unusual business model used by apple was that it out sourced to many companies such as Sony, Toshiba, Wolfson and etc. Apple became design partners with portal because it yielded the highest quality of sound. All these companies that apple out sourced to are known to provide good quality at a cheaper cost.** ** Using a platform like PortalPlayer's, in which systems are designed and chip designs verified, offers fewer worries to a company that is in a rush to market. With the design chain approach it has taken, Apple avoided the technical challenges of integrating DRAM and logic processes. **
 * Question : Describe the unusual business model used in the iPod's fabrication as developed by Apple.


 * Question : What distinguishes the work of the team of Jobs and Ive in relation to products designed by Apple? What new materials are enabling different design? **


 * Apple's design team has been the key to their success. After jobs the person responsible for apples amazing designs is Jonathan Ive.** **The design teams used by apple doesnt consist of a lot of people. Their goal is to reinvent a product making it more appealing and more easier to use. Working with jobs, Ive developed the i mac which sold over 2 million unit. Ive transformed the computing world by providing color and light to the world of computers. They both were very passionate about their job and payed great attention to detail**.


 * Apple does use one of the highest quality of materials in all its products. According to ive advances in polymer allows to create composites to meet very specific functional goals and requirements. Thing can now be done that thought to be impossible before. Twin shoting materials such as moulding different plastics together and co moulding plastic and metal.**

**Question : Describe the importance of Apple's design team. Are other companies trying to compete with Apple by creating their own design teams? **
 * They key to apples success has been their design team. The design consists of a small number of professionals who have the same goals and vision. Ive's has won many awards and was the** **the winner of the Design Museum's inaugural Designer of the Year award in 2003**. **Apple's design team works in a very informal enviorment with loud music and a lot of space.They use a lot of prototypes before designing giving them a clear picture of what to come. Many companies dont invest heavy amounts in the design departement and they dont want to take the risk of mass producing a product that looks like it came from space but apple heavily relies on this and has been successful in doing so.**

__**WEEK 2**__

**Question: ** **List the three definitions of 'ergonomics'.**
 * The** **three definations of ergonomics are :**


 * · Physical ergonomics is the human body’s responses to physical and physiological work loads. Repetitive strain injuries from repetition, vibration, force, and posture fall into this category.**


 * · Cognitive ergonomics deals with the mental processes and capacities of humans when at work. Mental strain from workload, decision making, human error, and training fall into this category.**


 * · Organizational ergonomics deals with the organizational structures, policies and processes in the work environment, such as shift work, scheduling, job satisfaction, motivation, supervision, teamwork, telecommuting, and ethics.

Refrence : http://www.tifaq.com/ergonomics.html

Question : Read each of the task analyses and case studies at [|**http://www.ergonomics.org.au/ergonomics/case_studies.html#case6**]**. **Choose** **one of the case studies, and add an additional recommendation to one of them in step two as 'advice'.

Issue: A shopping centre was reviewing the safe access for customers from the car park and within the centre itself, being concerned after a few ‘near-miss’ incidents relating to pedestrian safety and slips, trips and falls within the complex.

Advice

They should extend the roof in front of the entrance so that when it rains the people dont slip and can wait underneath it till the weather clears up. They should put up new signs warning people of slippery floors and also keep staff free to clean up the mess quickly.

Question : Find an example of a product which is ergonomically sound, and add a link to an article about this product.

A laptop stand allows people to sit in a comfortable position while using their laptops.

[|**http://www.pbcentral.com/columns/hildreth_moore/av.shtml**]**


 * [[image:http://www.pbcentral.com/columns/hildreth_moore/airplane-laptop-stand-alone.jpg]]

__WEEK 3__

Question : Choose a country on the web site's map, and read through the description of the products designed for that country. List five characteristics of socially responsible product design. The article that i read was on one laptop per child south american countries and many other countries like Thailand, Uruguay, and Libya. http://other90.cooperhewitt.org/design/one-laptop-per-child**

1. The laptops cost only 100$ so can be afforded easily.

2. The governments of each countries buys them and distributes them for free to schools.

3. The production cost is low and the design is socially responsible.

4. The organization is non profit.

5. The XO computer is a rugged, low power, low cost laptop intended for educating children aged 6-12 in developing countries. **[|**http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/extract/337/dec01_1/a2459**]**

__WEEK 4__

'The Story of Stuff' with Annie Leonard at **[|**http://www.storyofstuff.com/index.html**]  **is a cultural and educational phenomenon and has had over 4 million viewers.

Write three paragraphs on how Annie Leonard defines the system of the 'materials economy' and describe its interactions. Annie Leonard says that the 'materials economy' is the current economy in which the economy relies heavily on the consumption of goods. She tells us how people buy new products and than dispose of those products. She also tells us about the production process involved in producing these goods and how deadly toxins are used in producing them. These goods than end up in our home and we are exposed to these deadly toxins. The disposal method is also harming the environment because they burn them. She also talks about the linear system which has 5 stages extraction, production, distribution, consumption, and disposal she says is a system in crisis.
 * 

The first stage extraction is where the natural resources are extracted like the tree's are cut down and she says that we are running out of these natural resources and that the corporate giant pay the governments huge sums of money so that the government stays quite. She also says that the U.S has the worlds 5% population but uses 30% of the worlds resources. The next stage is production which she says that a lot of toxins are used to produce these products which not only harm the workers but also harms the people producing them. The next process is distribution which is when the products are made they are sent out to malls and the goal here is to keep the products coming so that people can shop shop shop ! They keep the prices low so that people buy them and than most of them end up throwing the products out. She also says that we dont pay for the products because of something called external cost.

The next step is consumption. She explains this by explaining planned obsolescence which means "designed for the dump". She says that producers make these products so that they can be dumped as soon as possible. Things like coffee cups, plastic bags and even things like camera's are dispossed of quickly. She also talks about how computer technology is changing so fast that if dont keep up you cant use them. The next thing she talks about is percieved obsolesence which convinces us to through stuff which is still good. The producers do this just changing the way a product looks. If you dont buy new products than people will know that you have not been buying new things like clothes. The last process is disposal. The average size of garbage produced by a house is 4.5 pounds a day. All this garbage is either buried under ground or burnt and buried under ground. This produces very deadly toxins. Some companies also export the garbage to third world countries. Recycling helps but its not enough. Some products can not be recycled which causes a problem.

__WEEK 5__

 **


 * As part of 'Experience Prototyping', bodystorming has been developed as a method of enquiry for interactive design.** Research the definition of 'bodystorming', and write a paragraph describing its characteristics.


 * After viewing the video 'Part 1: Bodystorming Experiencing a Disability' at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nyE5bDqaSwc** describe the information revealed to the researchers in the three different case studies for one paragraph each**. //You should have a total of four paragraphs for this tutorial.//**

Bodystorming **is a technique sometimes used in [|interaction design] or as a [|creativity technique]. The idea is to imagine what it would be like if the product existed, and act as though it exists, ideally in the place it would be used. The whole concept behind bodystorming is to experience how people with disabilities cope with life and every day tasks which seem easy to us but can be very challenging and cause frustation for people with disabilities.**

__Visual imparement:__


 * In this experiment the participant was blind folded and was given a cane. She was left in the city and had go around as if she were blind. She said that her other senses were hightened and she heavily relied on them to make decisions. She counted the steps mentally by using the cane and than proceeded. She adopted the skill for other landscaped too.**

__Attention deficit disorder (ADD):__


 * To simulate ADD the participant had to recite a telephone number correctly and also solve maths problems in a noisy enviorment. The participant reported a lot problems in solving the math problems and this caused a lot of frustation and also reduced his self esteem. The result of this study was that enjoyable activities should be provided and also clear narration to assit people with ADD.**

__CHRONIC ARTHRITIS:__


 * To exprience this the subject had to tape pens to his hands and than wear gloves. In this way it was very difficult for him to perform tasks. He cut vegetables and also handle dishes. The participant reported a constant fear of injury which made him apprehensive and his body temprature rose because of using a lot of energy in trying to avoid injury and became more anxious.**

=__Week 6:__= Three Phases for the Adoption of a Technology
 * In the interview with David Liddle at http://www.designinginteractions.com/interviews/DavidLiddle, he defines three stages for the adoption of a new technology. **

What are his definitions for these three stages of adoption, and how did he apply them to his case study of a camera? Write one clear paragraph for each of his definitions, listing their attributes in relation to the development of the camera. Can you think of another consumer product which has undergone similar developments? Name it.

In his interview, David Liddle tells us about the three stages of the adoption of a new technology which are:


 * Enthusiast stage.**

Enthusiasts are people who are the first of a few to actually buy a product and use it. They love the new products and also explore the possibilities and exploit them. He gave an example of the 35mm camera which he say almost required a phd in optics to use. In the earlier stage, it was really hard to use a camera. Than he says that when enough enthusiasts get their hand on the product they try to change it make it better and more fun so that they can be easy to use and practicle. Another example could be of the computers that we use every day.


 * Professional stage.**

In this stage the product starts changing shape and changes hands from enthusiasts to professionals. The 35mm camera went from being very expensive exotica to being used by professional photographers. Most of the important controls became automatic but most of the other controls were still manual.

Consumer stage.

This is the sage where the professional and the business men exploit the product by making it very simple and easy to use. Today's 35mm camera's are so easy to use that according to David Liddle a chimpanse can use it. They are also massed produce and price's are low too.

Other examples can be the cell phone which used to be a luxury but now any one can afford it. __Week 7:__  Interaction Architecture and Designing a Questionnaire Write a description of interaction architecture as defined by Mat Hunter at **http://www.designinginteractions.com/interviews/MatHunter and Rikako Sakai at http://www.designinginteractions.com/interviews/RikakoSakai** in relation to their work with Kodak in 1995.


 * In addition, as you will be creating a questionnaire for your major assignment, read the article at http://www.cc.gatech.edu/classes/cs6751_97_winter/Topics/quest-design/ to help you formulate the question.** How does the author define 'leading questions' and 'hypothetical questions'? Write a paragraph each to define these terms.

surveymonkey.com


 * He starts by explaining how Kodak came to him to ask him about the future of digital cameras. He analyzed digital cameras by saying that digital cameras have two insights. The first one is that digital cameras live with in the product and serve ecology. George east men created Kodak on the basis that you have your box camera which allows you to take a picture with just a press of a button and Kodak does the rest. He elemenated the messi process of using chemical to a mass market thing. In order to do this they had to study the pshychology behind using the camera's.**

__WEEK 8__

In three paragraphs, describe the role of Jan Chipchase in defining the role of cellphones in the developing world for Nokia, and the benefits of analyzing cellphone use and design in different cultures as part of their market expansion.


 * Chip case goes all around the world living in different countries with different people researching and collecting data for Nokia. His job is to go around and look at how people in these developing countries live and interact with each other and also how they use their cellphones in their everyday life. this type of reserach is first hand and is called human behaviour research. when he gathers the data he sends it back to nokia so that it can assisst the company in developing new products and making new designs to make peoples life easier. In an example Chip case stayed with a family in the slums of mumbai in the monsoon season where he found out that the family's head earned 88$ a monthe but still had a cellphone so that he can run errands more efficiently. He found out that the father had to put his cell phone in a plastic bag so that it didnt get drenched in the rain and they had to hook all their belongings so that they dont get wet. From this research nokia can may be included with a hook so that may be the cell phone can also be hanged just like all the other belongings or nokia can even make a water proof phone for specific areas.

The company aims to make a universal cell phone so that every one can use it. They want to do this by asking every one what they would want in a cell phone. The company wants every one to be able to own a cell phone no matter what their cultural differences.**

__WEEK 9__

In his lecture Bill Moggride describes design as a collaborative process which means that design consists of togetherness or a team of prople. Design involves alot of research and expertise. You have to satisfy everyones needs so the designers should look at his own needs or design something that they like. He also talks about how everything is connected together in technology. He also points out how designers should work together and have a good relation ship with each other.

He used many examples in his lecture. He shows a video of the ultra mobile concept for intel in which he shows how you have device that handles so many tasks such as GPS navigation, controlling your car such as adjusting the seats to preset settings and also the steering wheels and rear view mirrors. This shows how the designers want to make a product that can be customised for different individual needs.

He also shows a video demonstration of the tangible earth which is an interactive globe which can moved by the user in any direction and users have the ability to see many things such as different weather patterns, temprature variations, global warming pattern. Not only that but you see back into the past for example the tsnuami that devistated srilanka and also you can use a magnifying glass to view pictures of the disastor. Also future temprature patterns can be seen. The tangible earth has been designed in such a way that any one can find the information they want.


 * __WEEK 10__**

The designs that i found most appealing were:

=Avian Elements= I really liked how they designed a high speed train. They looked at owls which are the quitest birds out there. They designed small serrations similar to those on owl feathers. They most interesting thing that i liked was the nose of the train which is designed after the kingfishers beak which allows it to dive from air into water with a minimal amount of resistance.

=Skeleton Key= ====It is the design of a chair that mimics the human bone structure. The chair is made out of aluminum and was created to mimic the growth of the human bones over time. From this design idea GM has designed meny new car parts that are lighter than conventional car parts. The parts are light but still sturdy because of the aluminium.====

=Echolocation=

I really liked this idea because it will really benefit the people with vision loss. It is called an ultra cane which is designed by a small company by the name of Sound Foresight, in Barnsley, England. The device uses sonar like technology which is just like how bats navigate. The cane sends out sound waves which allows the person to detect any objects infront of him or her. This provide them with a warning.

REFERENCE;

[]


 * __WEEK 11__**


 * Glen's asking a series of questions to usability professionals in interviews - his abbreviated list is below. Answer the below questions briefly in consideration of the material on these two websites:**

[]- basic introduction to various forms of accessibility in web communications []- integrating accessibility in design


 * 1. How would you describe web accessibility?

I think web accessibility is ensuring that as many sites as possible can be easily accessed by the people with the disabilities such as visual impairment, hearing loss or motor impairment. These people have problems accessing some web pages such. A visually impaired individual uses a screen reading software to read the page but the software is incompatible with pages that use a high amount of graphics or use flash and java script.**


 * 2. Who do you think benefits from accessible websites and how?

I think that mostly disable people would benefit from accessible websites because it will be easy for them to navigate through it. Most people with visual impairment will definitely benefit from having a lot of text on the web page so that their screen readers can read it. Subtitles are also really helpful for people with hearing loss. It is also important for the information to be presented in such a way that it provide information in a clear and concise manner. Navigation needs to be easy too and everything should in the right order this not only help people with disabilities but also normal people.**


 * 3. Do you think your website/blog should be accessible? Should all Canadian websites?

I think websites should take these under consideration so that every ones needs are fulfilled. Our website like this one which contains all the course material and outlines should be accessible because it greatly helps people who are in our class with disabilities because they are a part of our group and it is important to make them feel apart of it. Canadian websites should be more accessible because because they have a very diverse group of people to target. A lot of these websites contain important information for example online banking which provides a very convenient way to bank. Now most of these sites are not user friendly and normal people have problems finding information on it so think about the problems a disabled person will have.

4.** **What do you think is the biggest challenge of making a website accessible?

The biggest challenge would be that the designer needs to take into account a lot of disabilities and catering to the needs of the many people out there will be very hard and time consuming and may not end up to be fees able for the company. Another problem is that most of the designers are just unaware of the fact that they should make their websites accessible. They need to educated and also taught how to make web pages in such a way that they are user friendly for the disabled to use.**

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