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= __Week 1__ = Apple’s business model used in the iPod’s fabrication is unusual because the design of iPod was performed by outside companies. All components of the iPod are from all different sources. It includes the battery from Sony, Toshiba hard drive, a dedicated MP3 decoder and controller chip from PortalPlayer, a flash memory chip from Sharp, stereo digital-to-analog converter from Wolfson Microelectronics, a firewire interface controller from Texas Instruments, and a power management and battery charging IC from Linear Technologies Inc. This performance provided the highest quality of sound and cheaper cost with good quality.
 * 3 Articles on the design and designer behind the iPod, Jonathan Ive**
 * **Describe the unusual business model used in the iPod's fabrication as developed by Apple.**


 * **What distinguishes the work of the team of Jobs and Ive in relation to products designed by Apple? What new materials are enabling different design?**
 * **Describe the importance of Apple's design team. Are other companies trying to compete with Apple by creating their own design teams?**

**__Week 2__** **Case Studies on Ergonomics**
 * List the three definitions of 'ergonomics'.**


 * 1. Physical Ergonomics:** concerned with human anatomical, anthropometric, physiological and biomechanical characteristics as they relate to physical activity. (E.g. working postures, materials handling, repetitive movements, work-related musculoskeletal disorders, workplace layout, safety and health.)
 * 2. Cognitive Ergonomics:** concerned with mental processes, such as perception, memory, reasoning, and motor response, as they affect interactions among humans and other elements of a system. (E.g. mental workload, decision-making, skilled performance, human-computer interaction, human reliability, etc.)
 * 3. Organisational Ergonomics:** concerned with the optimization of sociotechnical systems, including their organizational structures, policies, and processes. (E.g. crew resource management, work design, design of working times, teamwork, participatory design, etc.)
 * Read each of the task analyses and case studies at** [|**http://www.ergonomics.org.au/ergonomics/case_studies.html#case6**]**. Choose one of the case studies, and add an additional recommendation to one of them in step two as 'advice'.**

Advice- During the peak period, certain/specific waiter or waitress carry trays and crockery as many as possible with a thill at once, so then it saves their time and passing space.
 * Case 2: Hospitality and Serving food**


 * Find an example of a product which is ergonomically sound, and add a link to an article about this product.**

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Design for the Other 90% at ** **the Cooper Hewitt Museum**
 * __ Week 3 __
 * Choose a country on the web site's map, and read through the description of the products designed for that country. List five characteristics of socially responsible product design. **
 * __South America __**


 * Easy to Use :** The products are redesigned for people who have difficulty with using new product.
 * Cheaper price**: An affordable price for internet access
 * Environment friendly**: Sugarcane charcoal causes deforestation.
 * Education**: Laptop computer designed as an educational tool to bring learning, information, and communication to children.
 * Increasing solar power usage** : Solar-powered hearing-aid battery recharger helps those with hearing disabilities afford to continue in school and participate in economy activity.

**__Week 4__** “Materials economy” is a linear system that interacts with our society, culture, and environment. The system includes five stages: extraction, production, distribution, consumption, and disposal. It is a system in crisis because people cannot run a linear system on a finite planet indefinitely. People live in all along the systems. Government, as a symbol of people, should be of the people, by the people, for the people; their job is to take care of us. However, because the corporation is bigger than the government, and the corporation has grown in size and power, there is a change in the government that they rather concern and work out for corporation more than for us.
 * "Story of Stuff" **

Extraction is trashing the planet and running out of resources because we are using more than our shares. For example, in U.S, less than 4% of original forests left and 40% of waterways have become undrinkable. For people in this system, if they don’t own or buy a lot of stuffs, they don’t have a value. Production uses energy to mix the toxic chemicals with the natural resources to make toxic- contaminated products. This production brings harmfulness to our body. For example, babies get toxic chemical from breast feeding from their mothers. Distribution is selling all the toxic chemicals as quickly as possible. The goal is to keep the prices down, keep the people buying, and keep the inventory moving. This emerges externalized costs, which mean "we aren’t paying for the stuffs we buy".

Consumption works to produce more consumer goods. 99% of goods are trashed in six months after people purchase them. There are two concepts: planned obsolescence and perceived obsolescence. Planned obsolescence is “designed for the dump” such as plastic bags, coffee cups, and computers. Perceived obsolescence is perfectly useful, but changing the way looks to make consumers to buy the next new products continually. For example, changing the shape of heels keeps people buying new shoes. Disposal is throwing away things that people do not want for need anymore. These process influences of harmfulness to air, land, and water because burning the trash makes toxic even stronger. Therefore, recycling is important and effective way to save resources. It is indispensable to transform this linear system into the new system that does not waste resources, based on sustainability, equity, green chemistry, zero waste, closed loop production, renewable energy, and local living economies.

**__Week 5__** **Bodystorming** <span style="font-family: 바탕;"> Within this instance, the participant feels disoriented and dependent during the experiment. The participant also requires a high use of other senses to make decisions. By this performance, the blind participant provided insight on using multi-sensory approaches such as sound and touch. <span style="font-family: 바탕;"> To experience this disability, the participant was instructed to correctly recite a telephone number while solving math problems. The participant reported difficulties in performing the task correctly, and it negatively impacted in his self esteem. This task gains the insights that use clear narration to assist the user and present enjoyable and challenging activities to improve attention. <span style="font-family: 바탕;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">In this case of disability, the participant had his hands and wrists fastened, and gloves were placed over the hands to reproduce feelings of chronic arthritis. While performing tasks, the participant reported constant fear of injury, and it made him extremely hesitant even in undemanding conditions. The participant expanded more energy, and his body temperature rose as fears of anxiety increase. Through the experiences, insight into using accessible routes and safe materials is provided to decrease fear of participation. To empower the user and to enhance interactions, speech recognition systems should be further researched.
 * Bodystorming ** is a technique sometimes used in interaction design or as a creativity technique .The idea is to imagine what it would be like if the product existed, and act as though it exists, ideally in the place it would be used. Unlike brainstorming, bodystorming is the transformation of abstract ideas and concepts into physical experiences. Bodystorming experiences create a collaborative framework for testing assumptions about ideas, relationships and technologies. These experiences are a way to learn more about how people interact with ideas and situations on physical, emotional, intuitive and intellectual levels.
 * Case 1: visual impairment and blindness **
 * Case 2: Cognitive Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) **
 * Case 3: disability of chronic arthritis **

**__Week 6__** David Liddle brings up with three stages for the adapt <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">at ion of fresh technology in his interview. <span style="color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> The three main stages are: Enthusiast, Professional, and Consumer. These stages are presented by using 35mm camera as an example in this Chapter.

The very first stage is the **Enthusiast stage**, which makes people to love and appreciate the technology in aesthetic way. We call them the Enthusiast users. They are the ones that really enjoy exploiting a new product, which is usually difficult and complicated to operate when it first gets released to the public. In this chapter, 35mm camera is used by Liddle as an example to support his idea. This camera is used by astronauts in the 1950s, which required PHD in optics to operate this product. Therefore, for this stage, users need to show their effort on the product and they might require certain capabilities to use the product well.

The second stage is the **Professional stage**. During this stage, Enthusiasts may think and start to incorporate the product that they are using into their own work. The product is still complicated and expansive but people came to realize they can use the new product at their work to become professional and serious photographers. Liddle once again mentioned the 35mm camera and made a comment regarding the controls of the camera, which were stabilized despite its sophisticated functions and manuals. However, according to Professional stage, the products are used in many ways to change user’s activities.

The last stage is the **Consumer stage**, which the product is developed for the consumers, such as the undergone mass production and affordable price. Also the functions have been modified in order to make it easier for the consumers and not requiring too many functions to operate the camera. The main development of 35mm camera in this stage is the product’s ability to read the film’s speed and setting the exposure of flashing automatically by itself. Therefore, through the development, everyone can easily enjoy using the camera for their daily life, not only for the professionals. Another consumer product that has undergone these stages is a cell phone. People could not figure out how to use the cell phones in the past. Also, for the professional stage, cell phone is only used at work and business. However, everyone including-elementary student, has their own cell phones today and it becomes on of the popular and significant products.

**__Week 7__** ** Rikako Sakai <span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> was working for canon for more than 8 years as an interaction designer and when she was involved with Photo Stitch, she was working for the human factor department. She started to develop and design the third version of Photo Stitch Software because there were few problems that needed to be solved such as: some structures not being visible to the user and there were too many steps to stitch the images. Finally she discovered how to use the interface for a step by step method and now beginners can use the software easily. 1. Super 2. Excellent 3. Great 4. Good 5. Fair 6. Not so Great It limits the respondents' opinion. A less blatant example would be a Yes/No question.
 * <span style="font-weight: normal; color: black; font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Matt describes that there are two main insights; digital cameras live within a product; and serve ecology. George Eastman was first man who created Kodak by understanding the camera box which people only press the button and have companies do the rest job such as developing the film, which was a messy chemical reaction for the mass market consumer. Photography is a mean ****<span style="font-weight: normal; font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">/method of self expression, a mean/method of recording information and a social enterprise which builds social capital to share ideas. Kodak and Hunter decided to develop the camera which previously was only able to capture images. They discovered a digital camera that contains many functions such as: capturing images, reviewing images, deleting images directly on the camera, making a voice annotation and sharing images through email or print. The prototype, a big box with a security camera was designed and it was used with a Mac powered computer. Kodak and Matt thought they wanted to make an experiential product so after 8 months they took this prototype and made a DC210 camera for the consumers. Finally, it became one of the best selling cameras in the world.
 * Leading questions**: A leading question is one that forces or implies a certain type of anwer. It is easy to make this mistake not in the question, but in the choice of answers. All answers should be equally distributed such as these answer choices:

1. If you were governor, what would you do to stop crime? This does not produce clear and consistent data representing real opinion because this forces to imagine something that is not acquainted with. Thus, hypothetical questions should be avoided. <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">
 * Hypothetical questions**: Questions that are based on fantasy, such as:

**__Week 8__** <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">Jan Chipchase is a “human behavior researcher” for the cell-phone company Nokia, and his role is traveling around the world to assess people’s lives to gather information and knowledge. This information is important to the design of a Nokia cell-phone because it reports helpful feedback to the company so that makers create products that would be appropriate for their customers. While other researchers study potential customers, Chipchase more often have degree in design. He listens what people are likely to need from a cell-phone to inform its design. Analyzing and defining cellphone use are beneficial to design in different cultures. Different cultures have different needs and wants so it is effective to know the definite difference among different countries to make cell phones that people like and appreciate them. As cell-phones influence over countries, they have been an important communication technology. This fact makes cell-phone use more accessible to potential customers around the world. Nokia expands their market by the benefits of analyzing different people, and cultures. Chipchase analyzes cell phone use for not only people in developed countries, but also for people in developing countries. The company creates and market for the developing countries by offering them for a cheaper price. Creating cell-phone affordable and accessible to different people, cultures, and countries is beneficial to the economic growth of the developing countries. Also, it helps to improve their productivity and eliminate poverty.

= __Week 9__=

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Bill Moggridge defines ‘design as a collaborative process’ is one that both users and designers must work together to create a product that is accessible. For example, to design a comfortable chair, one should know not only the size of human body, but also physiology and bone structure as important features in the design process. Bill Moggridege also describes the collaborative process as designing in teams. A team is important because it is difficult for one designer to do all tasks in the design process. Team brainstorming or “shared minds” by people from different backgrounds and specialties is helpful to provide quality products for various users, not focus on one individual. <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; msofareastfontfamily: Arial; mso-list: Ignore; msolist: Ignore;">1) <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">__Throat Surgery Equipment__: Surgeons as a team redesign the surgical tool they use to upgrade. In this process, surgeons feel accomplishment as being part of the project, and they can produce a better product by providing their own experiences in order to use the tools with convenience. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; msofareastfontfamily: Arial; mso-list: Ignore; msolist: Ignore;">2)   <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">__American Red Cross donor program__: This program humanizes the donation process and provides acknowledge by putting up pictures of the donors and explaining the reason of donating blood. This interactive process encourages people to donate more. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">__"The Stuart Energy Station"__ Burning oil releases carbon emissions into our atmosphere, and these emissions are changing the world's climate. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> The Stuart Energy Station is a new type of gas station that will allow drivers to fill up their cars with hydrogen fuel at the pump and drive the way to a cleaner future. It is unique because it provides a way to store hydrogen and a way to pump it into cars – and also provides a way to produce it in the areas where hydrogen fuel is in demand. []
 * Two examples of how creators involve the people they want to create for in their work:**
 * Example of a product which utilizes his principles of collaborative design:**

**__Week 10__** 1. __High-Speed Train__ To enable train to run quietly at high speeds, owls, one of the quietest birds, were emulated in the process of designing a train. Designing small serrations enables to reduce the noise generated by the train's pantograph, which is similar with owl feathers. The train's nose cone was designed with modelling a kingfisher's beak because it allows the bird to dive from air into water easily. Inside a train, there is the sonic boom that occurs when the train passes a tunnel, at this point, the aerodynamic design is used to reduce noise pollution.<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> 2. __Sonar-Enabled Cane__ The product, 'UltraCane' is a high-tech device for visually impaired people. The cane emulated bats with using a sonar-like technnology since bats can navigate in the dark. To prevent collisions with any obstacle around the user, the cane sends out sound waves ahead of the person holding it. So that the user can walk around safely since the cane's handle sense upcoming objects, and provide a warning of them.

3. __Antibacterial Film__ Killing bacteria microbes is really hard since they have strong immunity. So Australian company Biosignal studied and developed natural compounds that prevent bacteria from communicating with one another, unlike the concept of penicillin. Contact lenses are one of the examples, the film prevents infection without helping to create superstrains of harmful bacteria.

**__Week 11__**

<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 11pt; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> 1. How would you describe web accessibility? Web Accessibility allows people with visual, hearing, motor and cognitive disabilities to operate a web without having to rely on others. Hence, people with these disabilities are able to use and contribute to the Web themselves. <span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 11pt; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> 2. Who do you think benefits from accessible websites and how? The people who benefit from web accessibility are people with disabilities. For example, blind people and people who have cognitive disabilities can read the newspaper through a screen reader that reads text aloud, while people who are deaf can watch the minute news through the web. Also, people who cannot move their arms or legs can shop online to get the products, and people who cannot speak can work with online group so they can participate in discussions. However, people without disability can also benefit from web accessibility. For example, children can learn, teens can flirt, adults can make a living and seniors can share their life with family. <span style="font-size: 11pt; color: #222222; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 11pt; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> 3. Do you think your website/blog should be accessible? Should all Canadian websites? <span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 11pt; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> <span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 11pt; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> 4. What do you think is the biggest challenge of making a website accessible?
 * <span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 11pt; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">I think the personal websites and blogs should not be accessible because it is not necessary for ordinary people who do not have difficulties from using normal website. There will be many issues if every if, everyone starts to use the web accessibility such as high cost and complication of users. Therefore, I think personal website needs less accessible web program than public websites. However, corporation and institution websites should be accessible because many people with disabilities may need to access school, government or company websites. **
 * <span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 11pt; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The biggest challenge of making a website accessible is that it is difficult to create perfect website that is suitable for everyone with disabilities. There are so many different types of disabilities to take in consideration that it is hard to focus on only one or few disabilities. For example, blind person and deaf person have different disabilities; therefore, it is difficult to focus on these two disabilities at the same time. **