Glossary

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=**A ** =

**Access ** concerns removing the barriers that would otherwise exclude some people using the system at all  **Activities** : Term used for very simple tasks as well as highly complex ones
 * Affordances** : The idea of what can or what should be done with an object (how do you use an object in the manner it is meant to be used it). Ex. buttons, switches, chairs, and doors.
 * Abstracting **  : It is where the designer focuses on the main elements of a problem and on the kind of information.  
 * Acceptability **  : It is about fitting technologies into people’s lives. Key features of acceptability are, political, convenience, cultural and social habits, usefulness and economic.


 * Activity Theory **: places emphasis on society and community, as opposed to a sole individual. Engestrom has extended the ideas of Activity Theory and coined his own theory termed CHAT: Cultural History Activity Theory. Important features of this theory are: **subject, object, artefact, praxis, division of labour and community**

**Attention **: The focusing of mental resources at or on a particular task or object. <span style="color: rgb(255,0,56);">
 * <span style="color: rgb(255,0,56);">Aesthetics **- the branch of philosophy concerned with the study of the principles of beauty, especially in art.

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 * <span style="color: rgb(255,0,56);">ARPANET **- Advanced Research Projects Agency Network was developed by the ARPA (United States Department of Defe nse) acting as the first packet switching network, and as the most integral infrastructural step towards the world wide web. Typically information was communicated through circuit switching (telephony), limiting communication between two individuals at each end of the circuit. Packet switching allowed for data to be communicated between more than one machine by breaking the data into datagraphs, and then sent as independent packets in a variable route.<span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="color: rgb(0,0,0); font-family: Georgia,serif;">

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 * **<span style="color: rgb(236,24,24); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Automatic processing :** makes no demands on attentional resources, is fast, unaffected by capacity limitations, unavoidable and difficult to modify, and is not subject to conscious awareness

=<span style="color: rgb(0,0,0); font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**B** =

**<span style="color: rgb(255,0,56);">Bodystorming ** <span style="color: rgb(239,46,82);"> - <span style="color: rgb(0,0,0);">Bodystorming is a technique sometimes used interaction design or as a creativity technique. Usually used to create things for people with disabilities, creators act as though they have a certain impairment and through experience, are able to determine what users encounter first and design things based on experience. **<span style="color: rgb(255,0,56);"> Biomimicry ** <span style="color: rgb(239,46,82);"> - <span style="color: rgb(0,0,0);">A science that studies nature, and then imitates or takes creative inspiration from to solve human problems. Applies biological principles to human designs.

=<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">C =

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<span style="color: rgb(0,0,0); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: rgb(255,0,56);">**Case study:** One of several ways of doing research which is an intensive study of a single group, incident, or community. It involves an in-depth, longitudinal examination of a single instance or event (a case). <span style="color: rgb(255,0,0);">**Chunking**

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**<span style="color: rgb(255,0,56);">Conceptual Design ** <span style="color: rgb(255,0,56);"> : The technique of designing a system in the abstract, about considering what information and functions are needed for the systems to achieve its purpose. It is about deciding what someone will have to know to use the system. It is also about finding a clear conceptualization of a design solution and how that conceptualization will be communicated to people (so users will quickly develop a clear mental model).
 * Conceptual Scenarios** -- Identification of common themes and problems; Builds conceptual models; Used for generating ideas for design alternatives, specifying requirements

**<span style="color: rgb(255,0,56);"> CVEs ** <span style="color: rgb(239,46,82);">: **<span style="color: rgb(255,0,23);">Cooperation- ** The behavior towards one another of two or more persons who have convergent interests (positive interdependence). Each perceives that progress towards his own goal will be enhanced by the progress of the other person or persons as well and each expects reciprocation **<span style="color: rgb(236,24,24); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Controlled processing :** makes heavy demands on attentional resources, is slow and limited in capacity, and involves consciously directing attention towards a task
 * Concrete Scenarios** -- Defines requirements from conceptual scenarios more concretely; Operates on physical/prototypical models; Starts involving technologies and interaction patterns at a general level;


 * CHAT (Cultural Historical Activity Theory) ** - 3 basic principles


 * Activities as the smallest meaningful unit of analysis.
 * The principle of self-organizing activity systems driven by contradictions.
 * Changes in activities as instantiations of cycles of expensive learning.

=**D**=

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**<span style="color: rgb(255,0,56);">Detailing- ** concerned with what color an item should be, how elements can move etc. <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">**E**
 * Data Glove** - gloves equipped with sensors(data gloves) are able to sense the movements of the hand which are translated into corresponding movements in the virtual environment.
 * Design - ** to plan and fashion artistically or skillfully.

**<span style="color: rgb(255,0,56);">Engagement: ** is concerned with all qualities of an experience that really pull people in. Ethnography **- detailed, holistic investigation of people and their social contexts. It requires empathy, but also some degree of neutrality <span style="color: rgb(255,0,23);">**Evaluation-** means reviewing, trying out or testing a design, a piece of software or a product to discover whether it is learnable, effective and accommodating **Economic** - Price and value for people's money. It goes further than that; it may completely change how companies conduct business and make their money.
 * <span style="color: rgb(229,46,57);">Ergonomics ****Physical ergonomics****Cognitive ergonomics****Organisational ergonomics:****<span style="color: rgb(255,0,56);">
 * <span style="color: rgb(242,24,24);">Electronic meeting systems (EMSs) ** - are technologies which are designed to support group meetings with tools to improve group process, by enhancing communication, individual thought and decision making
 * <span style="color: rgb(236,24,24); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Episodic memory( autobiographical) **- related to memories that are personal to an individual e.g birthdays

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> =<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">**F** =

<span style="color: rgb(255,0,56);">**Flow chart -** <span style="color: rgb(0,0,0);">A pictoral chart that represents an algorhythm or process, showing the steps as boxes of various kinds and their order, connected by various arrows. They are used to analyze, document and manage processes and programs. <span style="color: rgb(209,26,26);">**Focus Group** - a collective interview that allows for gaining more opinion in the same time. It also generates information through dialogue and debate, especially in heterogeneous groups =<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">G =
 * <span style="color: rgb(255,0,56);">FSAE (Formula SAE) **

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<span style="color: rgb(255,0,23); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Graphical user interface (GUI) - A type of user interface that allows people to interact with electronic devices such as computers. <span style="color: rgb(236,24,24); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Gulf of execution -** translating goals into actions.
 * Gulf of evaluation -** deciding whether the actions were successful in moving the person towards his or her goal

=** H **=


 * <span style="color: rgb(255,0,23);">Hypothetical questions **
 * <span style="color: rgb(255,0,56);">Human Centered Design **- A design philosophy that involves the practical user and considers the feedback, input, requirements, and constraints of an interface or document at each stage of the design process. Human centered design is vital in achieving the input from a new, inexperienced user, and the learning-curve issues that may arise in an unfamiliar interaction.
 * Hi-fi Prototypes-**
 * Especially common in electronic products and software
 * Strong attention to detail, resembling final form
 * Can probably be misconstrued as final product
 * HMD (Head-Mounted Display)** - a light proof and rather heavy helmet isolating the wearer from the world and consists of two colour displays located in line with one's eyes and a pair of stereo earphones. An HDM also has a head tracker which provides information about the user's position and orientation in space.

=I=

<span style="color: rgb(255,0,0);">**Icons:** <span style="color: rgb(239,46,82);"> Interview -** <span style="color: rgb(255,0,56);"> **Immersion** - the feeling of being wholly involved within something, with being taken over and transported somewhere else. It is not about the medium, but about the quality of design. **Immersive Virtual Reality** - requires the users to wear a light-excluding helmet which houses the display, and a data glove which facilitates the manipulation of virtual objects within virtual reality.
 * Input**<span style="color: rgb(0,0,0); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">concerned with how people enter data and instructions into a system securely and safely
 * Interaction Architecture****<span style="color: rgb(255,0,56);">
 * IPS (Intrusion-Prevention System)**

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=<span style="color: rgb(112,21,21); font-family: Georgia;"> **<span style="color: rgb(0,0,0); font-family: Georgia,serif;">J **<span style="color: rgb(112,21,21); font-family: Georgia;"> =


 * <span style="color: rgb(255,0,23);">Johnathan Ive **

<span style="color: rgb(0,0,0); font-family: Georgia,serif;"> =**<span style="color: rgb(0,0,0); font-family: Georgia,serif;">K **=

<span style="color: rgb(225,35,35);"> **<span style="color: rgb(209,26,26);">KISS **- Keep it simple stupid

=**L**= <span style="color: rgb(112,21,21); font-family: Georgia;">

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**<span style="color: rgb(255,0,56);">Long term memory **- is infinite in size and can last a lifetime <span style="color: rgb(255,0,23);">**Leading questions**: <span style="color: rgb(0,0,0); font-family: Georgia,serif;">A question that forces or implies a certain type of answer. Easily made, easily changed, easily destroyed
 * <span style="color: rgb(255,0,23);">Links **
 * <span style="color: rgb(255,0,23);">Lo-fi Prototyping **
 * Cheap materials
 * Focuses on broad detail of redesign vs specific details
 * Does not leave the user with the impression that the design is final

=M=
 * <span style="color: rgb(255,0,23);">Logic of the task **<span style="color: rgb(0,0,0); font-family: Georgia,serif;">

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> <span style="color: rgb(0,0,0); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**<span style="color: rgb(255,0,56);">Matrix Management **- a ** Mental Model -** cognitive representation of our understanding; it may have structure. <span style="color: rgb(0,0,0); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**<span style="color: rgb(255,0,56);">Metric **- a standard unit of measure, such as meter for length, or gram for weight. A set of ways of quantitatively and periodically measuring, assessing, controlling or selecting a person, process, event, or institution, along with the procedures to carry out measurements and the procedures for the interpretation of the assessment in the light of previous or comparable assessments.
 * MoSCoW** -- Must have (without this, it’s useless); Should have (would be a clear value-added requirement but will work without it); Could have (might be nice but not essential); Want but Won’t have (can wait until future iterations); Functional - must have - non-functional, should/could/want to have

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> =**<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">N **=

**Non-Immersive Virtual Reality** - in contrast to immersive virtual reality, it is displayed on a computer's monitor.<span style="color: rgb(0,0,0); font-family: Georgia,serif;"> =O=

<span style="color: rgb(0,0,0); font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> =**P**=
 * <span style="color: rgb(255,0,23);">OLPC(One Laptop Per Child) -**<span style="color: rgb(0,0,0); font-family: Georgia,serif;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">

<span style="color: rgb(221,39,39);">**PACT Analysis** <span style="color: rgb(0,0,0);">- A framework for designing interactive systems

(Physical: height and weight, sight, hearing, touch,smell, taste, and any disabilities that may pertain to these areas) (Psychological: people with cultural differences, spatiality, beginner vs. intermediate users; "People have different experiences and will have different conceptual 'models' of things" - Norman) (Usage: people who use the product daily vs. occasionally, those who use the product for certain functions have different requirements)
 * **People** - To take into account the varying differences of people and how this might affect their use of the product

(Temporal Aspects: daily vs. infrequent usage, passive vs. active, well defined vs. general goals, tasks and actions, certain circumstances that may arise, data/media requirements)
 * **Activities** - To focus on the overall purpose of the activity

(Organizational: important in regards to ever-changing technology and how this affects power structures, communication, and skill-level) (Social: supportive environments and social norms that dictate the acceptability of certain designs) (Physical Circumstances: where the activity takes place, outside, indoors, virtually)
 * **Context** - The environment of which the activity takes place

(Input: how people enter data and instructions into a system securely and safely) (Output: the characteristics of different displays, such as videos, photographs, speech, screens) (Communication: the way data is transferred between people and devices; bandwidth speed and feedback are crucial) (Content: The data in the system and the form it takes; should be accurate, timely, relevant, and well presented)
 * **Technologies** - Interactive systems with hardware and software that transform input data into output content


 * <span style="color: rgb(221,39,39);">Parsimonious **- simple, cheap, efficient info flow

**<span style="color: rgb(255,0,56);">Physical Design **- is concerned with how things are going to work and with detailing the look and feel of the product.


 * <span style="color: rgb(255,0,56);">Praxis **- formal and informal rules and norms governing the relations between subjects (the group of people) and the wider community of the acitivty (other individuals who the activity involves)

<span style="color: rgb(0,0,0); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**<span style="color: rgb(255,0,23);">Perceived obsolescence -** The design of material goods is altered causing consumers to feel pressured to buy new versions of the goods inorder to feel like positive contributors in the material economy. <span style="color: rgb(0,0,0); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="color: rgb(0,0,0); font-family: Arial;"> **<span style="color: rgb(255,0,42);">Prototype- ** is a concrete but partial representation or implementation of a system design <span style="color: rgb(236,24,24); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: rgb(64,64,64); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="color: rgb(0,0,0); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> =<span style="color: rgb(0,0,0); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Q** =
 * <span style="color: rgb(242,24,24);">Punctuated Equilibrium **- cycles of flow within organizations
 * In other words, Perceived obsolescence- convinces us to throw out stuff that is still perfectly useful, by changing the way things look. (leonard).
 * <span style="color: rgb(255,0,23);">Planned obsolescence -** Material goods are designed to work only for a temporary period of time. Ex. Computers
 * In other words, Planned obsolescence – ‘designing for the dump’ encourages making products to only last a short amount of time, requiring for constant reproduction and consumptions. .(leonard)
 * __<span style="color: rgb(236,24,24); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Procedural memory __**- stores our knowledge of how to do things such as typing or driving.

<span style="color: rgb(0,0,0); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**<span style="color: rgb(255,0,56);">Questionnaire **- a set of questions that has been specially formulated as a means of collecting information and surveying opinions. Ex. specified subject or theme =**R**=

<span style="color: rgb(255,0,56); font-family: Times New Roman;"> <span style="color: rgb(255,0,56);">**Requirements** - are concerned with what the system has to, what it has to be like, how it has to fit with other things. There are function and non-functional requirements.

<span style="color: rgb(255,0,56);">**Representing-** Concerned with how the structure can be represented. <span style="color: rgb(255,0,42);">**Rapid Prototyping (Throw it way)** - emphasizes rapid evaluation and changing requirements <span style="color: rgb(0,0,0);"> =**<span style="color: rgb(0,0,0);">S **<span style="color: rgb(112,21,21); font-family: Georgia;"> =

<span style="color: rgb(255,0,56);">**Structuring** - where the designer considers the relationships between the elements and what people are interested in. Survey **<span style="color: rgb(0,0,0); font-family: Georgia,serif;"> =T= <span style="color: rgb(236,24,24); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Task
 * <span style="color: rgb(236,24,24); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Semantic memory **- holds information related to meaning
 * <span style="color: rgb(255,0,42);">SMCR ** - Source, Message, Channel, Receiver (within feedback loop)
 * <span style="color: rgb(255,0,56);">

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=**<span style="color: rgb(0,0,0); font-family: Georgia,serif;">U **<span style="color: rgb(112,21,21); font-family: Georgia,serif;"> =

<span style="color: rgb(0,0,0);"> <span style="color: rgb(255,0,56); font-family: Times New Roman;"> <span style="color: rgb(255,0,56);">**Understanding** - where designers observe and analyze the information or the problem **<span style="color: rgb(236,24,24); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Usability ** : refers to the quality of the interaction in terms of parameters such as time taken to perform tasks, numbers of errors made and the time to become a competent user (it may meet requirements of usability criteria, but may fail to satisfy audiences) <span style="color: rgb(255,0,0); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">User Interface - it is a system where users interact with a system physically, perceptually and conceptually. <span style="color: rgb(0,0,0); font-family: Georgia,serif;"> =<span style="color: rgb(0,0,0); font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">V ** =

**<span style="color: rgb(255,0,56);">Visual Perception **- is concerned with extracting meaning from the light falling on our eyes. <span style="color: rgb(236,24,24); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Vigilance** : refers to detecting a rare event or a signal in a desert of inactivity or noise <span style="color: rgb(255,0,23);">**VR (Virtual Reality) -** a technology which allows a user to interact with a computer-simulated environment, whether that environment is a simulation of the real world or an imaginary world. - Let people see what functions are available and what the system is currently doing. If it is not visible, make it observable. People should be able to recognize things instead of having to recall them. =**W**<span style="color: rgb(112,21,21); font-family: Georgia;"> =

<span style="color: rgb(0,0,0);"> **<span style="color: rgb(255,0,56);">Working memory **- is a short term memory store holding material for up to 30secs and is very limited in size.
 * <span style="color: rgb(236,24,24);">Web Accessibility ** - allows users with various disabilities to be able to access internet sites which are designed to be more operable, understandable and perceivable

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